Tardive Dyskinesia

Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).

Also Known As:

Networked: 3291 relevant articles (265 outcomes, 449 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
2.	Dyskinesias (Dyskinesia)
3.	Parkinsonian Disorders (Parkinsonism)
4.	Psychotic Disorders (Schizoaffective Disorder)
5.	Dystonia (Limb Dystonia)

Experts

1.	Remington, Gary: 36 articles (01/2021 - 05/2002)
2.	Kennedy, James L: 30 articles (01/2021 - 07/2002)
3.	Zhang, Xiang Yang: 28 articles (01/2017 - 08/2003)
4.	Meltzer, Herbert Y: 27 articles (01/2021 - 07/2002)
5.	Lieberman, Jeffrey A: 25 articles (01/2021 - 08/2004)
6.	Correll, Christoph U: 22 articles (10/2021 - 03/2004)
7.	Müller, Daniel J: 21 articles (01/2021 - 02/2006)
8.	Caroff, Stanley N: 20 articles (02/2022 - 12/2005)
9.	Zai, Clement C: 20 articles (01/2021 - 10/2007)
10.	van Harten, Peter N: 19 articles (01/2018 - 09/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Tardive Dyskinesia:

1.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 03/01/1991 - "Neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drug-induced acute extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) and the late onset tardive dyskinesia (TD) are the major side effects that limit the use of these highly efficacious agents. " 12/01/1982 - "Ironically, neuroleptics are the most consistently effective treatment of tardive dyskinesia. " 02/01/1999 - "The arrival of atypical antipsychotics has markedly improved the outlook: atypical antipsychotics are emerging as effective treatments and may also reduce the prevalence and incidence of tardive dyskinesia. " 07/01/1993 - "Furthermore, tardive dyskinesia may be less likely to develop if the neuroleptics used are less potent against D2 receptors, as has been reported for some of the atypical antipsychotic drugs." 04/01/2011 - "Moreover, recent reports suggest that atypical antipsychotics may have a beneficial effect on tardive dyskinesia remission. "
2.	Clozapine (Clozaril)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1984 - "With this in mind, the authors present the case of a 32-year-old chronically institutionalized schizophrenic who showed a remarkable improvement in both tardive dyskinesia and psychotic symptoms following an open trial of clozapine, 900 mg daily. " 01/01/1994 - "Clozapine, the best studied of these agents, is also superior in efficacy with regard to psychopathology and cognitive function and has been shown not to cause tardive dyskinesia. " 03/01/1996 - "Sixteen months of clozapine treatment led to significant reduction of symptomatology with marked improvement in social functioning and diminished tardive dyskinesia. " 05/01/1995 - "It has been suggested that clozapine may be beneficial for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in adolescents. " 10/01/2019 - "The majority of reports which address clozapine's liability for tardive dyskinesia are case studies (11 of 14 reports, 79%), and clozapine was only the first-line treatment in one of the remaining three studies reporting treatment-emergent dyskinetic symptoms with clozapine in 12% of patients. "
3.	Vitamin EFDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1999 - "In other studies, dosages >/=400 IU vitamin E/d were found to be beneficial in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, although this finding was not confirmed in a larger cooperative study conducted by the Veterans Administration. " 07/01/1998 - "Vitamin E has been suggested to be a promising new treatment for tardive dyskinesia. " 09/01/1999 - "This long-term, randomized trial of vitamin E vs placebo found no evidence for efficacy of vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia." 09/01/1999 - "Several short-term, controlled trials have documented the efficacy of vitamin E in treating tardive dyskinesia. " 08/20/1993 - "In tardive dyskinesia four clinical trials (double-blind, placebo-controlled) showed improvement in the symptoms with vitamin E in doses of up to 1,600 IU/day. "
4.	Aripiprazole (Abilify)FDA Link 03/01/2006 - "Marked improvement in chronic tardive dyskinesia after changing to aripiprazole." 01/01/2009 - "A further trial with aripiprazole, improved her tardive dyskinesia symptoms. " 06/01/2012 - "Switching to aripiprazole has been reported to improve tardive dyskinesia caused by other medications. " 01/01/2012 - "Two instances of improvement in tardive dyskinesia after administration of aripiprazole in a single patient." 06/01/2010 - "Case of tardive dystonia improved by aripiprazole."
5.	Haloperidol (Haldol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "We also suggest that this model will be effective in preclinical testing of new chemical entities for the treatment of haloperidol induced tardive dyskinesia and related symptoms." 12/01/2000 - "Since NO and cGMP are involved in striatal neural plasticity, this study investigates a possible relation between cGMP and extrapyramidal symptoms as early predictors of haloperidol-associated tardive dyskinesia. " 01/01/2019 - "Notwithstanding its benefits, haloperidol also produces undesirable impacts, in particular extrapyramidal effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), which limit the use of this and related drugs. " 01/01/2019 - "Haloperidol-Induced Preclinical Tardive Dyskinesia Model in Rats." 01/01/2019 - "Levels of pAkt and pGSK-3β were also reduced, but only haloperidol-treated monkeys that developed tardive dyskinesia had reduced pGSK-3β levels, whereas pAkt levels in dyskinetic animals positively correlated with dyskinetic scores. "
6.	Olanzapine (Zyprexa)FDA Link 02/01/1998 - "Marked improvement in tardive dyskinesia following treatment with olanzapine in an elderly subject." 03/01/2002 - "This study warrants a larger controlled study to conclusively demonstrate the efficacy of olanzapine in tardive dystonia." 07/01/2008 - "However, the question whether olanzapine treats, ameliorates, or masks preexisting tardive dyskinesia was difficult to answer, as no dosage reduction or withdrawal was undertaken." 11/01/2014 - "The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and incidence of tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with olanzapine during the follow-up period of 20 months. " 12/01/2004 - "The results of this open label naturalistic trial showed that olanzapine had an impact on negative symptoms, decreased general psychopathology and reduced the risk of tardive dyskinesia."
7.	valbenazineIBA 06/01/2015 - "The FDA lowered approval hurdles for valbenazine due to a successful Phase II trial, which showed a distinctive improvement in tardive dyskinesia symptoms during valbenazine administration. " 10/01/2015 - "NBI-98854 significantly improved tardive dyskinesia and was well tolerated in patients. " 11/01/2017 - "AIMS and CGI-TD measures indicated sustained tardive dyskinesia improvement, with scores returning toward baseline after 4 weeks of valbenazine washout. " 01/01/2018 - "This review has found that the use of valbenazine or extract of Ginkgo biloba may be effective in relieving the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. " 07/01/2017 - "Valbenazine for tardive dyskinesia: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved novel medication-What is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?"
8.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1993 - "These data suggest that risperidone, at the optimal therapeutic dose of 6 mg/day, produced significant improvement in both positive and negative symptoms without an increase in drug-induced parkinsonian symptoms and with a significant beneficial effect on tardive dyskinesia." 01/01/1998 - "The present finding suggests that the 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 (5-HT2) antagonistic action of risperidone has brought about the improvement in tardive dystonia. " 11/01/2003 - "This 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effect of risperidone on severe tardive dyskinesia. " 11/01/2003 - "Risperidone for severe tardive dyskinesia: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." 01/01/2000 - "Studies of risperidone suggest that it, too, should be used at very low doses to minimize the risk of tardive dyskinesia. "
9.	LithiumIBA 03/01/1975 - "Lithium sulphate induced a slight, but significant reduction in the tardive dyskinesia. " 05/01/1975 - "Evaluations using a new tardive dyskinesia rating scale showed statistically significant improvement in dyskinetic movements while the patients received lithium. " 02/01/2008 - "Evidence that lithium protects against tardive dyskinesia: the Curaçao Extrapyramidal syndromes study VI." 01/01/1996 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) in affective disordered patients treated with lithium and to study the association of these symptoms with medication and other factors. " 01/01/1980 - "The well-designed studies indicate that lithium is useful in certain tardive dyskinesia patients and that the red blood cell lithium level may be related to the therapeutic response. "
10.	Cholinergic Antagonists (Anticholinergics)IBA 09/01/2012 - "Some studies suggest improvement in tardive dyskinesia with cessation of anticholinergics. " 09/01/1988 - "While the studies published do not indicate that the incidence of tardive dyskinesia is increased by the addition of anticholinergic medication, there is ample evidence to indicate that anticholinergic drugs may increase the severity of established tardive dyskinesia. " 09/01/1984 - "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, ten chronic schizophrenic patients with pronounced symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD) were withdrawn from anticholinergic medication. " 01/01/2018 - "However, there is also a suggestion from animal experiments that the chronic administration of anticholinergics could cause tardive dyskinesia. " 10/18/2004 - "There was also no reported difference in adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia or the need for anticholinergic drugs. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 08/01/1986 - "Tardive dyskinesia: natural history studies assist the pursuit of preventive therapies." 12/01/1984 - "This practice continues, despite the absence of any controlled clinical studies showing that intermittent therapy reduces the incidence or progression of tardive dyskinesia. " 03/01/2023 - "Tardive dystonia (TD) is a disabling complication of pharmacological therapy with dopaminergic receptor antagonists, usually resistant to oral medications. " 07/20/2013 - "Results demonstrated little difference in instances of tardive dyskinesia in groups with any intermittent drug technique versus maintenance therapy, with equivocal results (displaying slight heterogeneity) at long term (n = 165, 4 RCTs, RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.30, low quality evidence). " 02/01/2013 - "Tardive dyskinesia (TD) can be a disabling condition and is frequently refractory to medical therapy. "
2.	Deep Brain Stimulation 12/01/2007 - "The favorable and prolonged response in our two patients suggests that deep brain stimulation may be an effective treatment for medically refractory tardive dystonia." 11/01/2017 - "Several reports have shown that deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus(GPi-DBS)is effective in treating tardive dystonia. " 08/01/2009 - "Deep brain stimulation has been shown to be effective to treat severe tardive dyskinesias. " 07/07/2009 - "Pallidal deep brain stimulation is a safe and effective long-term treatment in patients with medically refractory tardive dystonia." 04/01/2017 - "Data from recent noteworthy clinical trials showed that a new VMAT-2 inhibitor and, for pharmacologically refractory tardive dyskinesia, deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus are promising interventions. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 04/01/1985 - "Spontaneous remission of tardive dyskinesia after treatment discontinuance is common, although it may not occur for many months. " 06/01/1995 - "The behaviour was videotaped at intervals during and after treatment, and vacuous chewing movements (VCM), a putative analogue to tardive dyskinesia (TD), as well as the general behaviour were scored. " 12/01/1990 - "There have been several case reports of improvement in tardive dyskinesia (TD) after treatment with calcium-blocking agents. " 03/01/2003 - "We report on a 71-year-old female patient suffering from orofacial tardive dyskinesia after treatment with haloperidol, which did not respond to monotherapy with antidyskinetic drugs. " 09/01/2002 - "[Improvement of tardive dyskinesia after treatment with olanzapine]."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/2013 - "We suggest that drugs which may helpful in alleviating tardive dyskinesia may be more useful if person is on oral drug therapy." 06/01/2013 - "The incidence of tardive dyskinesia in the study of pharmacotherapy for psychotic depression." 07/01/2011 - "Drug therapies for tardive dyskinesia: part 2." 06/01/2011 - "Drug therapies for tardive dyskinesia: Part 1." 01/01/2003 - "Pathophysiology and drug therapy of tardive dyskinesia: current concepts and future perspectives."
5.	Osteopathic Manipulation 08/01/2013 - "Although not curative, osteopathic manipulative treatment can provide palliative relief for patients with tardive dyskinesia. "