Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)

A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.

Also Known As:

Networked: 27821 relevant articles (2302 outcomes, 7017 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Psychotic Disorders (Schizoaffective Disorder)
2.	Bipolar Disorder (Mania)
3.	Neurobehavioral Manifestations
4.	Weight Gain
5.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)

Experts

1.	Lieberman, Jeffrey A: 133 articles (01/2016 - 02/2002)
2.	Meltzer, Herbert Y: 130 articles (01/2016 - 03/2002)
3.	Kane, John M: 118 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Iwata, Nakao: 109 articles (07/2015 - 01/2004)
5.	He, Lin: 100 articles (01/2016 - 05/2002)
6.	Citrome, Leslie: 100 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Ozaki, Norio: 100 articles (02/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Remington, Gary: 96 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Weinberger, Daniel R: 96 articles (07/2015 - 09/2002)
10.	Hashimoto, Kenji: 96 articles (06/2015 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Schizophrenia:

1.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 01/01/2014 - "Some of the most significant problems encountered in the treatment of schizophrenia are non-adherence to the treatment with oral neuroleptics and difficult recovery of social functioning, after its impairment by negative psychotic symptoms and the progression of the disease with episodes of remission and relapse. " 06/01/2013 - "Existing antipsychotic drugs are most effective in the treatment of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. " 03/01/2012 - "Antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia arrived in the clinic in the fifties of the previous century and have since been the most effective treatment for patients with this devastating disorder. " 01/01/2011 - "Understanding the genetic variation affecting response to antipsychotics is important to develop novel diagnostic tests to match individual schizophrenia patients to the most effective and safe medication. " 12/01/2009 - "Less than half of patients on LAIR continued treatment for 18 months, a smaller proportion than of those started on most oral first- or second-generation antipsychotics, suggesting that for many patients with schizophrenia improved adherence from this treatment may not be sustained."
2.	Clozapine (Clozaril)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2007 - "The study of anatomic and functional brain variables associated with clozapine response in schizophrenia may help to identify patients who are most likely to benefit from clozapine treatment. " 11/01/1990 - "Clinical studies have shown clozapine to be effective in suppressing both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and to be associated with an extremely low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. " 11/01/2015 - "Clozapine (CLZ) is the most effective treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (SCZ) patients, with potential added benefits of reduction in suicide risk and aggression. " 07/01/2015 - "Clozapine is the most effective treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia but its use is suboptimal. " 09/20/2014 - "Clozapine is a unique anti-psychotic medication that is most effective in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia and reducing suicidality. "
3.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2004 - "Most patients considered the treatment at least "acceptable" during the study, and mean change at study end corresponded to between "acceptable" and "quite acceptable." After 1 year of risperidone treatment in a naturalistic setting reflecting usual UK clinical practice, patients with chronic schizophrenia showed improvement in symptoms and reduction in disease severity, and only 10 of 79 had relapse; 48.1% of patients were considered to be sustained treatment successes, 36.7% as treatment failures, and 15.2% as not "evaluable." Fifty-one percent of patients were considered to be study successes and 49% as study failures." 08/01/2001 - "Most male (77%) and female (78%) participants were considered to be PANSS responders: risperidone was effective against both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. " 10/01/2005 - "Risperidone therapy at the earliest possible stage shows optimal improvement in schizophrenia." 06/01/2000 - "Risperidone is a benzisoxazole derivative which has proven efficacy against the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. " 06/01/1998 - "Risperidone has proven efficacy with reduced likelihood of causing extrapyramidal symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. "
4.	olanzapine (Zyprexa)FDA Link 02/01/2008 - "There are conflicting data concerning the potential utility of olanzapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia at doses beyond the 10- to 20-mg/day range that has proven to be effective for most nonrefractory patients with schizophrenia. " 01/01/2001 - "Olanzapine, a thienobenzodiazepine derivative, is a second generation (atypical) antipsychotic agent which has proven efficacy against the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. " 01/01/2013 - "The objective of this study was to confirm the efficacy of rapid-acting IM olanzapine 10 mg was greater than IM placebo in patients with exacerbation of schizophrenia with acute psychotic agitation by comparing changes from baseline to 2 hours after the first IM injection, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Excited Component (PANSS-EC) total score. " 05/01/2010 - "In a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, 6-week trial in adolescents aged 13-17 years with schizophrenia, the least squares mean reduction from baseline to 6 weeks in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C) total score (primary endpoint) was significantly greater with olanzapine than with placebo. " 09/15/2005 - "The principle finding of this study is that GRM3 polymorphisms were collectively significant predictors of negative symptom improvement in persons with schizophrenia treated with the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. "
5.	aripiprazole (Abilify)FDA Link 09/01/2010 - "This study suggested that most clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia maintain their remission states after being switched to aripiprazole, without serious symptom aggravation and adverse events over a course of 26 weeks." 08/01/2015 - "These results support aripiprazole lauroxil as an important new treatment option for schizophrenia. " 01/01/2015 - "Aripiprazole is considered as a third-generation antipsychotic drug with excellent therapeutic efficacy in controlling schizophrenia symptoms and was the first atypical anti-psychotic agent to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. " 02/01/2014 - "Three studies assessed the efficacy of aripiprazole on agitation symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and for which a dose of aripiprazole between 1 and 15mg showed significant efficacy compared to placebo. " 05/01/2004 - "In multiple clinical trials, aripiprazole was effective in significantly reducing symptomatology associated with schizophrenia-related disorders compared with placebo (P < 0.05). "
6.	Haloperidol (Haldol)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2013 - "The typical antipsychotic haloperidol is a highly effective treatment for schizophrenia but its use is limited by a number of serious, and often irreversible, motor side effects. " 01/01/1978 - "In the double blind study with haloperidol, both substances were found to be highly effective in the treatment of psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group. " 01/01/2010 - "Treatment with RLAI is suggested to result in improved QALYs combined with cost savings compared with haloperidol LAI among the Swedish, high-risk non-compliant schizophrenia patient population. " 07/04/2006 - "Haloperidol is a prototype of typical APDs, and the other three drugs are atypical APDs, which are effective in reducing negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia, cause less side effects, and are more tolerable compared to haloperidol. " 11/01/2013 - "Haloperidol is widely used and is effective against the symptoms of psychosis seen in schizophrenia. "
7.	quetiapine (Seroquel)FDA Link 04/01/1999 - "From these results, quetiapine fumarate was suggested to be highly effective and safe for the treatment of schizophrenia." 04/01/2007 - "The efficacy of quetiapine in reducing positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia has been proven in several clinical trials with placebo-controlled comparators. " 01/01/2011 - "Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic with proven efficacy and an established tolerability profile in schizophrenia. " 07/01/2003 - "Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic with proven efficacy in the treatment of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, also has efficacy for treating depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. " 10/01/2001 - "Quetiapine is a novel atypical antipsychotic with proven efficacy in schizophrenia across all domains. "
8.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1977 - "Several different classes of drugs effective in the treatment of schizophrenia were potent inhibitors of the stimulation by dopamine of the enzyme from these various regions. " 12/21/1999 - "The major findings of this study are: 1. biopsies from patients with schizophrenia showed a significantly reduced ability to attach to the culture slide: 29.9% of patient biopsies attached compared to 73.5% of control biopsies; 2. biopsies from patients with schizophrenia had a significantly greater proportion of cells undergoing mitosis: 0.69% in the patients compared to 0.29% in the controls; and 3. dopamine (10 microM) significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic cells in the control cultures but significantly decreased the proportion in patients' cultures." 10/01/2013 - "In treating schizophrenia, 65% to 80% occupancy of dopamine D₂ receptors optimizes therapeutic efficacy while minimizing risks of extrapyramidal symptoms and cognitive impairments. " 10/04/2002 - "The development of new dopamine D(3) receptor selective antagonists is premised on the potentially improved therapeutic treatment of psychosis like schizophrenia. " 01/01/1988 - "Future studies in which attempts are made at using both plasma and CSF HVA to enhance neurochemical and clinical correlates may help to advance our understanding of the contributions of specific CNS dopamine systems to schizophrenia."
9.	ziprasidone (Geodon)FDA Link 11/01/2005 - "Ziprasidone is an atypical antipsychotic with a highly specific receptorbinding profile that has been shown to be effective for both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. " 05/01/2002 - "Efficacy data and most safety data for ziprasidone support its use as a first-line treatment for schizophrenia; however, its potential effects on ventricular repolarization relegate it to second-line status in patients with comorbid cardiovascular risks." 10/01/2007 - "This study suggests that ziprasidone may be beneficial for long-term treatment of schizophrenia patients in terms of severity of symptoms, and general functioning. " 08/01/2006 - "This sample was selected because previous findings suggested that clinical and NP symptoms of schizophrenia significantly improved from baseline after a switch to ziprasidone treatment. " 08/01/2013 - "Uncontrolled studies have suggested that increasing the dose of ziprasidone above the standard maximum daily dose of 160 mg may be more effective for some patients with schizophrenia. "
10.	sultopride (amisulpride)IBA 04/01/2010 - "This demonstrated significant improvement in subjective well-being in patients with schizophrenia initiating treatment with amisulpride, and a correlation between this improvement and amelioration of psychopathology. " 01/01/2002 - "Amisulpride is clinically effective on the negative symptoms of acute schizophrenia exacerbations at low dosages (50-300 mg/day), and also on the positive symptoms of the disease at high dosages (400-800 mg/day). " 09/01/1986 - "These results also suggest that sultopride would have good therapeutic efficacy in schizophrenic disorders." 01/01/2010 - "Amisulpride is effective in acute schizophrenia as determined by Clinical Global Impression scores. " 07/01/1998 - "In conclusion, 600-1 200 mg/d of amisulpride is an effective and well tolerated treatment of schizophrenic disorders, as demonstrated through this 3-month study carried in a large sample of 445 patients. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/2003 - "Improved drug therapy for schizophrenia may represent the best strategy for reducing the costs of schizophrenia and the recurrent chronic course of the disease. " 05/01/2009 - "Animal models of schizophrenia are important for research aimed at developing improved pharmacotherapies. " 01/01/2007 - "Despite proven efficacy of maintenance pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia, indefinite neuroleptic treatment may not be optimal for all patients. " 02/01/2000 - "Combination pharmacotherapy has proven effective in a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. " 10/01/1994 - "Despite the proven efficacy of acute and maintenance pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia, practical methods for identifying patients who require continuous treatment to prevent relapse have not been established. "
2.	Injections 06/01/2015 - "The debate on whether long-acting injectable antipsychotic (LAIA) medication is superior to oral medication, in preventing rehospitalization of patients with schizophrenia, remains inconclusive. " 03/01/2013 - "Long-acting injectable (LAI) anti-psychotic drugs, developed to improve adherence and provide and alternative antipsychotic drug treatment fro schizophrenia, have been associated with improved treatment outcomes including reduction of relapse rates approximately 30% and reduction in hospitalizations. " 09/01/2015 - "Trial design characteristics related to the explanatory : pragmatic spectrum may contribute toward the inconsistent results reported in studies comparing long-acting injectable (LAI) versus daily oral antipsychotic (AP) treatments in schizophrenia. " 09/01/2015 - "Long-acting injectable versus daily oral antipsychotic treatment trials in schizophrenia: pragmatic versus explanatory study designs." 07/01/2014 - "How study designs influence comparative effectiveness outcomes: the case of oral versus long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatments for schizophrenia."
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/2006 - "Patients with schizophrenia who manifest prominent negative symptoms and marked functional deficits demonstrated significant improvement in negative symptoms after treatment with OLZ or QUE. " 09/01/2005 - "Patients with first-episode schizophrenia demonstrated impairments in emotion perception before treatment and no significant improvement after treatment. " 08/01/2012 - "Studies conducted in China and published in English or Chinese from January 1982 to December 2011 that reported P300 latency and amplitude in patients with schizophrenia before and after treatment with antipsychotic medications were identified by electronic and hand searches, and the 12 studies that met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were independently reviewed by two evaluators. " 12/01/2008 - "We hypothesized, consistent with recent studies of schizophrenia, that the factor structure after treatment would be similar to the structure of untreated symptoms at study baseline. " 09/01/2000 - "Differentiating primary from secondary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a study of neuroleptic-naive patients before and after treatment."
4.	Therapeutics 09/01/2013 - "The field of therapeutics in schizophrenia is redefining optimal outcome, moving beyond clinical remission to a more comprehensive model that also includes functional recovery. " 06/01/2009 - "The concepts of partial recovery and remission have become increasingly important for the evaluation of the effectiveness of schizophrenia therapeutics. " 09/01/2014 - "Elucidation of these mechanisms is of high clinical importance and may lead to improved therapeutics for smoking cessation as well as for a number of cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. " 06/01/2008 - "An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which altered function of NRG1 and ErbB4 contributes to schizophrenia might eventually lead to the development of more effective therapeutics." 06/01/2013 - "Further studies using larger patient groups and controlled therapeutics may better understand the influence of antipsychotic treatment on cardiac autonomic regulation in schizophrenia."
5.	Polypharmacy 03/01/1981 - "The adoption of LANs in the United Kingdom over the past 13 years is in the author's opinion the most important single improvement in the treatment of schizophrenia; but in the absence of any clear indication that LANs can be discontinued after even 4 years, the emphasis must remain on their proper use: personalised prescriptions (dose reduced with time down to the lowest possible dosage) and caution against unnecessary polypharmacy." 10/01/2015 - "Although evidence for efficacy of antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) is sparse, APP is common in schizophrenia. " 03/01/2015 - "The limited efficacy of APs beyond psychosis argues against a magic bullet approach to schizophrenia and for polypharmacy that is symptom domain-specific. " 10/01/2015 - "Frequency and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy among patients with schizophrenia in Denmark: A nation-wide pharmacoepidemiological study." 03/01/2015 - "In a randomized open study of the Safe Correction of Antipsychotic Polypharmacy and High-Dose Prescriptions program funded by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, we evaluated a drug reduction method consisting of a dose reduction intervention performed on 163 patients with schizophrenia for twelve or 24 weeks. "