Coinfection

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

Also Known As:

Co-infection; Polymicrobial Infection; Secondary Infection; Secondary Infections; Co infection; Co-infections; Coinfections; Infection, Mixed; Infection, Polymicrobial; Infection, Secondary; Infections, Mixed; Infections, Polymicrobial; Infections, Secondary; Mixed Infections; Polymicrobial Infections; Mixed Infection

Networked: 11840 relevant articles (551 outcomes, 1183 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Infections: 526564
- Coinfection: 11840

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	COVID-19
3.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
4.	Tuberculosis (Tuberculoses)
5.	Sepsis (Septicemia)

Experts

1.	Puoti, Massimo: 34 articles (06/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Klein, Marina B: 32 articles (01/2022 - 07/2003)
3.	Dore, Gregory J: 32 articles (01/2020 - 10/2003)
4.	Avihingsanon, Anchalee: 28 articles (10/2022 - 01/2008)
5.	Sulkowski, Mark S: 28 articles (10/2022 - 05/2003)
6.	Rockstroh, Jürgen K: 28 articles (07/2020 - 11/2003)
7.	Lewin, Sharon R: 24 articles (05/2020 - 03/2005)
8.	Ruxrungtham, Kiat: 23 articles (01/2021 - 10/2003)
9.	Matthews, Gail V: 21 articles (01/2020 - 01/2007)
10.	Chung, Raymond T: 19 articles (10/2022 - 09/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Coinfection:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 12/15/2016 - "Anti-oxidative caffemides 1b and 1g showed significantly higher activity against different bacteria with MIC values less than 50μg/ml. These anti-oxidative and antibacterial properties of caffemides might be helpful for the treatment of secondary infections and discovery of new antibiotics." 08/01/1996 - "Treatment with topical oestrogen cream was effective only with mixed infection, oral antibiotics were effective in both mixed and single organisms. " 05/15/1984 - "These data were generated to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of these antibiotics for potential use in prophylaxis or as a single agent for treatment of polymicrobial infections of the female pelvis. " 01/01/2020 - "Antibiotic and antifungal prophylaxis remain the gold standard treatments for RUTIs and RVVCs, contributing to the massive rise of antimicrobial resistance, microbiota alterations and co-infections. " 01/01/2018 - "Conclusion: Bacterial co-infection in RMPP was rare and non-anti-MP antibiotics didn't show any efficacy for early treatment of RMPP patients, which may provide a rationale for restricting the use of non-anti-MP antibiotics in RMPP patients and preventing antibiotic resistance globally."
2.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2023 - "These results indicate that bacteria-specific Th17 memory cells play a key role in providing protection against IAV/Sp coinfection in a serotype-independent manner and suggest that a Th17-based vaccine would have excellent potential to mitigate disease caused by coinfection. " 10/16/2019 - "A Porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b)-based experimental vaccine is effective in the PCV2b-Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae coinfection pig model." 01/05/2023 - "(4) Conclusions: The S7D5L4 vaccine designed to fight against the co-infection of MTB and SARS-CoV-2 may be safe and effective. " 09/01/2021 - "coli co-infection could be employed in assessing the protective efficacy of IBV vaccines." 09/01/2021 - "coli co-infection model to evaluate the protective efficacy of two IBV vaccine strains against a new emerging genotype GVI-1 with mild virulence in experimental conditions. "
3.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 07/01/2012 - "Although effective for HCV treatment in monoinfection and coinfection with HIV, most direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) remain within the research pipeline, with only two having achieved regulatory approval to date. " 12/01/2018 - "This patient represents a unique case of hiv-with-hhv8-related, ebv-negative ec-pel with chronic hev coinfection, in which rapid remission was achieved after a single cycle of ld, suggesting an antiviral response in addition to the chemotherapeutic effect." 11/01/2014 - "Recent data suggest that the gap in sustained virological response rates between HCV monoinfection and HIV-HCV coinfection has been eliminated with newer HCV antiviral regimens. " 10/01/2005 - "These findings indicate that the induction and maintenance of a focused response contribute to the clearance of secondary infections; however, a more diverse pool of antiviral T cells facilitates long-term immunity to mutable pathogens." 09/29/2023 - "Macrophages exposed to antiviral EVs display reduced clearance of Staphylococcus aureus as well as altered inflammatory signaling and anti-inflammatory metabolic reprogramming, thus revealing EVs as a source of dysregulated epithelium-macrophage crosstalk during coinfection. "
4.	Ribavirin (Virazole)FDA LinkGeneric 08/24/2012 - "Virological responses during treatment for recent hepatitis C virus: potential benefit for ribavirin use in HCV/HIV co-infection." 05/01/2012 - "The safety and efficacy of weight-based ribavirin (RBV) dosing regimens in patients with HIV-HCV coinfection has not been demonstrated in randomized clinical trials. " 06/20/2019 - "The efficacy of peginterferon plus ribavirin in patients with HBV/HCV co-infection is same as HCV monotherapy. " 11/19/2005 - "[Efficacy of peginterferon plus ribavirin for HIV-HCV co-infection. " 01/02/2008 - "In the Peginterferon Ribavirin ESpaña COinfection (PRESCO) trial, 389 co-infected patients received pegIFN-alpha2a 180 microg/week plus ribavirin 1000-1200 mg/day. "
5.	InterferonsIBA 12/01/2005 - "There is currently no evidence that in HIV/HCV coinfection one pegylated interferon product is superior to the other. " 05/01/2008 - "Neither pegylated nor conventional interferon based regimes were effective for HBV/HCV coinfection, in which the dominant virus was HCV. " 10/01/2020 - "Our recent study revealed that in vitro HBV replication was suppressed by HCV co-infection; HBV suppression was attenuated when interferon signaling was blocked. " 05/01/2008 - "Yet, no studies have been carried out into pegylated interferon treatment for chronic HBV/HCV coinfection. " 01/01/2023 - "Transcriptomic analyses in cell culture and mouse models of coinfection enabled us to define an HDV-induced signature, mainly composed of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). "
6.	CytokinesIBA 06/01/2007 - "Our model offers predictions regarding cytokine regulation, key immune components, and clearance of secondary infections; we experimentally validate two of these predictions. " 07/25/2023 - "The aim of the study was to determine the cytokine gene expression profiles during HIV and helminth coinfection in underprivileged South African adults living in a peri-urban area with poor sanitary conditions and a lack of clean water supply. " 01/01/2023 - "The clinical research on HIV-MTB co-infection has gradually shifted from randomized controlled trials to open-label trials, while the cognition of HIV-TB has gradually shifted from cytokines to genetic polymorphisms. " 07/01/2022 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the co-infections and their impact on peripheral blood cytokines. " 01/01/2022 - "(4) Conclusions: The study suggests that the presence of EBV/CMV co-infection can affect the HIV viral loads and expression of certain cytokines (IFN-γ and TGF-β1), which may affect the HIV disease dynamics in infected children."
7.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 02/25/2023 - "The CRISPR-Cas9 system is composed of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and its associated proteins, which are widely present in bacteria and archaea, serving as a specific immune protection against viral and phage secondary infections. " 11/16/2023 - "This potential NV-based treatment not only exerts a blocking effect by binding the S protein in the short term but may also provide patients with long-term protection against secondary infections." 12/01/2022 - "rM2e-ΔPly protein immunization induces protection against influenza viruses and its co-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice." 01/01/2011 - "All patients' CSF protein and cell counts returned to normal, and imaging showed improved ventricular morphology and no intracranial secondary infection. " 02/20/2005 - "In the co-infection system, the intracellular GFPuv-beta3GnT2 expression level was low because of the improved secretion level ratio of the fusion protein, due to the chaperone expression. "
8.	RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)IBA 06/01/2010 - "Our findings lend support to the view that clearance of HCV RNA from serum in HIV/HCV coinfection indicates eradication from PBMCs. " 06/01/2010 - "Clearance of hepatitis C virus RNA from serum in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection indicates eradication from peripheral blood mononuclear cells." 10/06/2023 - "The objective of this study was to determine effects of SCFP supplementation on the transcriptional response to coinfection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) in the lung using RNA seq. " 01/01/2020 - "The study population was 50 years (median), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (18%), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) (8%) coinfection with HIV-RNA <50 c/mL in 89%, median CD4 of 619/mm3. " 01/01/2020 - "The primary endpoint for phase III trials for HDV coinfection should be undetectable serum HDV RNA 6 months after stopping treatment. "
9.	AntigensIBA 11/11/2020 - "These cells can patrol in the tissue in order to encounter their cognate antigen to establish an effective protection against secondary infection. " 05/01/2010 - "The assays demonstrates an improved sensitivity and scope of detecting respiratory viruses relative to routine antigen detection assays while the quantitative utility may facilitate investigation of the role of co-infections and viral load in respiratory virus pathogenesis." 01/01/1988 - "As the test was performed using excretory-secretory antigen, and under conditions of competitive inhibition by soluble extracts of non-homologous parasites, co-infection by common intestinal helminths, protozoa or other organisms did not give rise to false positive results. " 11/01/2021 - "In this context, studies conducted to identify more suitable antigens to detect both VL and VL/HIC coinfection cases should be performed. " 01/01/2018 - "phagocytophilum antigens was statistically associated with CanL clinical stages III and IV. This study demonstrates that dogs with clinical leishmaniosis from Catalonia (Spain) have a higher rate of co-infections with other vector-borne pathogens when compared with healthy controls. "
10.	Tenofovir (Viread)FDA Link 11/01/2015 - "This study developed a population pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir in patients with HIV/HBV co-infection and identified pathophysiologic factors that affect the pharmacokinetics of the drug. " 04/01/2009 - "HIV-1-HBV coinfected patients (n = 21) were enrolled in a viral kinetics substudy of the Tenofovir in HIV-1-HBV Coinfection study (TICO). " 03/01/2023 - "The effect of tenofovir use on reduced risk for HCC consistently favored never users across many prespecified subgroups, including HBV or HCV coinfection (p <0.05). " 10/11/2021 - "During long-term tenofovir-based ART for HIV/HBV coinfection, persistent HBV viraemia is apparent, but becomes less frequent over time. " 01/01/2017 - "We investigated in macaques whether coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis/Trichomonas vaginalis reduces protection by vaginal tenofovir (TFV) gel. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/2015 - "The effect of HIV co-infection on HCV-related disease was clear with most studies indicating that HIV accelerates HCV progression and reduces the efficacy of the available anti-HCV therapies." 11/01/2010 - "To evaluate the impact of HIV co-infection with HCV or HBV on the efficacy of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HARRT). " 12/01/2021 - "While pregnant people have been an important focus for HIV research, critical evidence gaps remain regarding prevention, co-infection, and safety and efficacy of new antiretroviral therapies in pregnancy. " 09/01/2011 - "As a consequence, the burden of HIV/Leishmania coinfection is increasing in many developing countries even though effective antiretroviral therapy has led to a marked decrease in its incidence in Europe. " 04/04/2014 - "No statistically significant effect of the coinfections was observed on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy."
2.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 08/01/2011 - "HIV/HCV and to a lesser extent HIV/HBV coinfections are protective against HAART-related hyperlipidaemia." 04/01/2014 - "Although GBV-C coinfection appears to inherently improve morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients, modern HAART has eradicated these advantages. " 01/01/2008 - "HCV co-infection was recorded in 35.4% of the series, but was found not to influence either the efficacy of HAART or survival (P>0.05). " 08/15/2007 - "Two other clinical questions regarding patients with TB and HIV-1 coinfection are also undergoing evaluation: (1) the benefits of short-term HAART when CD4 cell counts are >350 cells/mm(3) (PART [NIH 1 R01 AI051219-01A2]) and (2) the efficacy of a once-daily HAART regimen in treatment-naive patients (BKVIR [ANRS 129]). " 01/01/2022 - " study concludes that, HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfections do not significantly affect the immunologic and virologic responses of patients who have initiated highly active antiretroviral therapy, and treatment outcomes were better in females than in males. "
3.	Liver Transplantation 10/01/2020 - "Packing procedure effective for liver transplantation in hemophilic patients with HIV/HCV coinfection." 09/01/2019 - "In this study, we investigated the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the long-term effect of postoperative HDV recurrence HDV coinfection in our liver transplant patients. " 07/01/2016 - "In our study, recurrence rate of HBV after liver transplantation is not statistically different than the recurrence rate of HBV+HDV co-infection. " 01/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to compare long-term results of liver transplantation between patients with HBV monoinfection, HCV monoinfection and HBV/HCV coinfection. " 01/01/2023 - "People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with and without hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection had poor outcomes after liver transplant (LT). "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/2007 - "Taken together, the data suggest that mixed infections, already verified in nature, may have an important impact on the efficacy of chemotherapy." 09/01/2015 - "Despite the ubiquity of coinfection, and its potential effects on within-host biology, the role played by coinfecting pathogens on the evolution of resistance and efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy is rarely considered. " 07/29/2002 - "In this study we sought to determine if there was increased NO production among patients with HIV/TB coinfection and the effect of four weeks chemotherapy on this level. " 03/01/2023 - "This leads to complexity in determining the most appropriate chemotherapy for two different types of tumours and its potential side effects of reduced immunity leading to potential secondary infection. " 05/01/2022 - "The 2 groups were statistically significantly different (P<0.05) according to comparison of characteristics such as first symptoms, karyotype, immunophenotyping, clinical risk, whether secondary infection occurred during chemotherapy, and lymphocyte subsets. "
5.	Length of Stay 02/01/2014 - "Ten patients recovered without treatment or with the intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs within 1 week, but one patient developed a secondary infection with gram-positive bacteria after percutaneous drainages that prolonged his hospital stay. " 07/01/2010 - "When the auto-disable syringe was introduced, patient safety improved at a Tanzanian district hospital; a reduction in the burden of serious secondary infections large enough to reduce the average inpatient length of stay was observed. " 01/01/2021 - "Although the coinfection rate was low in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in our study, we found coinfection as a risk factor for length of hospital stay in the coinfected patient group." 06/01/2020 - "We also observed a trend from three studies that RSV-hMPV coinfections were likely to be associated with longer hospital stay. " 01/01/2017 - "HCV co-infection increased the hospital stay and re-admissions during the study period."