Spinal Cord Compression

Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1016 relevant articles (64 outcomes, 91 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)
3.	Spinal Cord Injuries (Spinal Cord Injury)
4.	Spontaneous Fractures (Pathological Fracture)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Rades, Dirk: 34 articles (12/2014 - 10/2002)
2.	Schild, Steven E: 26 articles (01/2014 - 12/2004)
3.	Rudat, Volker: 20 articles (12/2014 - 05/2005)
4.	Veninga, Theo: 19 articles (04/2011 - 05/2005)
5.	Stalpers, Lukas J A: 19 articles (04/2011 - 12/2004)
6.	Karstens, Johann H: 16 articles (01/2014 - 10/2004)
7.	Hoskin, Peter J: 16 articles (04/2011 - 08/2003)
8.	Dunst, Juergen: 11 articles (08/2011 - 07/2006)
9.	Bajrovic, Amira: 9 articles (01/2014 - 05/2005)
10.	Basic, Hiba: 9 articles (08/2011 - 05/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Spinal Cord Compression:

1.	DiphosphonatesIBA 01/01/1994 - "This implies that prophylactic bisphosphonates alone would be unlikely to reduce the incidence of spinal cord compression. " 08/30/2003 - "In studies that lasted > or = 6 months, compared with placebo bisphosphonates significantly reduced the odds ratio for fractures (vertebral 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.84, P < 0.0001; non-vertebral 0.65, 0.54 to 0.79, P < 0.0001; combined 0.65, 0.55 to 0.78, P < 0.0001), radiotherapy (0.67, 0.57 to 0.79, P < 0.0001), and hypercalcaemia (0.54, 0.36 to 0.81, P = 0.003) but not for orthopaedic surgery (0.70, 0.46 to 1.05, P = 0.086) or spinal cord compression (0.71, 0.47 to 1.08, P = 0.113). " 01/01/2010 - "Skeletal-morbidity (spinal cord compression, hypercalcaemia, fracture, need for radiotherapy and surgery to bone) can be effectively reduced by bisphosphonates, a class of anti-resorptive drugs. " 01/01/2004 - "For prevention of skeletal morbidity, bisphosphonates compared with placebo, significantly reduced the OR for fractures (OR [95% CI], vertebral, 0.69 [0.57-0.84], non-vertebral, 0.65 [0.54-0.79], combined, 0.65 [0.55-0.78]) radiotherapy 0.67 [0.57-0.79] and hypercalcaemia 0.54 [0.36-0.81] but not orthopaedic surgery 0.70 [0.46-1.05] or spinal cord compression 0.71 [0.47-1.08]. " 08/30/2003 - "In people with metastatic bone disease bisphosphonates significantly decrease skeletal morbidity, except for spinal cord compression and increased time to first skeletal related event. "
2.	Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)IBA 06/01/2008 - "The aim of present study was to examine whether systemically delivered glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was beneficial in reversing the spinal cord injury (SCI) in a spinal cord compression model. " 06/01/2008 - "The results indicate that GDNF treatment may be beneficial in reversing hind limb dysfunction by reducing spinal cord infarction and apoptosis in a spinal cord compression model." 01/01/2008 - "The results indicate that CD34(+) cell therapy may be beneficial in reversing the SCI-induced spinal cord infarction and apoptosis and hindlimb dysfunction by stimulating the production of both VEGF and GDNF in a spinal cord compression model."
3.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 08/10/2008 - "When spinal cord compression is suspected, providers should treat with corticosteroids and evaluate with whole-spine magnetic resonance imaging scan or myelography as soon as possible but within 24 hours. " 03/01/2010 - "Compressive myelopathy symptoms responded poorly to corticosteroids, but responded well to surgical decompression. " 01/01/2015 - "Metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is treated with radiotherapy, corticosteroids, and surgery, but there is uncertainty regarding their comparative effects. " 03/01/2012 - "Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) in patients with short life expectancy is most frequently treated with radiotherapy and/or corticosteroids. " 01/01/2008 - "Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is often treated with radiotherapy and corticosteroids. "
4.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1989 - "This study supports the use of highdose dexamethasone for the initial treatment of epidural spinal cord compression." 05/01/2013 - ""Vanishing" spinal cord compression in myeloma: dramatic and rapid response to dexamethasone monotherapy." 04/01/2009 - "High-dose dexamethasone still has a role in the management of disease complications such as cytopenias, renal impairment, or spinal cord compression until another agent is added. " 12/01/2006 - "Epidural spinal cord compression can be treated with dexamethasone, radiation, or surgery. " 04/01/2005 - "Early use of dexamethasone in malignant spinal-cord compression: a missed opportunity?"
5.	zoledronic acid (zoledronate)FDA Link 10/01/2012 - "In contrast to other studies, this matched-pair analysis focused solely on the impact of zoledronic acid on metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). " 10/01/2012 - "Impact of zoledronic acid on control of metastatic spinal cord compression." 06/01/2005 - "To evaluate the continuing benefit of long-term zoledronic acid therapy, retrospective exploratory analyses were conducted based on the incidence of skeletal-related events (SREs; defined as pathologic bone fracture, spinal cord compression, surgery or radiation therapy to bone, or change in antineoplastic therapy for bone pain) occurring only during the extension phase of this trial. " 11/01/2005 - "Zoledronic acid is the only bisphosphonate shown to be safe and effective in reducing skeletal-related events (SREs), including pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and radiation or surgery to bone in patients with bone metastases from advanced prostate cancer or renal cell carcinoma (RCC). " 02/01/2015 - "In a phase III trial in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and bone metastases, denosumab was superior to zoledronic acid in reducing skeletal-related events (SREs; radiation to bone, pathologic fracture, surgery to bone, or spinal cord compression). "
6.	Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)FDA Link 11/01/2015 - "In a previous study, based on a rat model of thoracic spinal cord compression, we demonstrated that cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), delivered at the dose of 200IU/kg/day, significantly improved ventilatory frequency and spasticity. " 01/01/2014 - "In a first study, using a rat model of spinal cord compression at the T10 thoracic level, we delivered vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) orally at the dose of 50 IU/kg/day or 200 IU/kg/day. "
7.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combination therapy with methylprednisolone (MP) and Nogo-66 antagonistic peptide (NEP1-40) on morphological and functional recovery in adult rats subjected to thoracic compression spinal cord injury (SCI). " 01/01/2003 - "The effects of methylprednisolone therapy on recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials and on spinal cord blood flow were examined in a canine model of dynamic spinal cord compression. " 01/01/2003 - "Sustained spinal cord compression: part II: effect of methylprednisolone on regional blood flow and recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials." 07/01/1990 - "The effect of methylprednisolone (MP) on neurologic recovery and spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was investigated up to 4 days after a spinal cord compression injury in rats. " 07/01/1990 - "Effect of methylprednisolone on motor function and spinal cord blood flow after spinal cord compression in rats."
8.	Radioisotopes (Radionuclides)IBA 01/01/2003 - "To determine the efficacy of radioisotopes to control metastatic pain in patients with bone metastases and complications due to bone metastases (hypercalcaemia, bone fracture and spinal cord compression) as well as its efficacy in terms of patient survival and adverse effects. " 01/01/2003 - "The inclusion criteria were: randomised trials of patients with metastatic bone pain that compared treatment with radioisotopes and placebo, and where the major outcome was either pain or complications of bone metastases (eg, hypercalcaemia, bone fracture, spinal cord compression) assessed at least four weeks after treatment. " 08/01/2012 - "It focuses on the common radionuclides Strontium-89-chloride, Samarium-153-EDTMP (ethylene-diamine-tetra-methylene-phosphonate) and Rhenium-186-HEDP (hydroxyethylidene-diphosphonate), their physical characteristics and differences, contraindications of the therapy like spinal cord compression and side effects. "
9.	Unsaturated Fatty Acids (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids)IBA 03/01/2013 - "In this study we used transgenic fat-1 mice to examine whether enriching spinal cord tissue in endogenous omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has an effect on the outcome after compression spinal cord injury. " 03/01/2013 - "The results demonstrate that after thoracic compression spinal cord injury, fat-1 mice display better locomotor recovery compared with the wild-type mice on a high omega-6 diet (high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissues), and wild-type mice on a normal diet (controls). " 11/01/2013 - "Do omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate spinal cord injury?: Commentary on: Lim et al., Improved outcome after spinal cord compression injury in mice treated with docosahexaeonic acid. "
10.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 09/01/1996 - "Neuroimaging studies confirmed compressive myelopathy, and the symptoms gradually improved with botulinum toxin injections in the posterior cervical muscles. " 09/01/2015 - "There is no significant difference of intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin efficacy according to duration of urinary symptoms in the general neurologigal population (multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, spinal cord compression, ischemic pathology, infectious pathology) with the mean age being 46 years. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Radiotherapy 05/01/1995 - "Radiotherapy is effective for most cases of spinal cord compression. " 12/01/2013 - "In 2005, a Landmark study showed that direct decompressive surgery, followed by postoperative external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is superior to EBRT alone in patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC). " 11/01/2009 - "8Gy single-dose radiotherapy is effective in metastatic spinal cord compression: results of a phase III randomized multicentre Italian trial." 10/01/2015 - "In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) versus long-course radiotherapy (LCRT) in the treatment of metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC).PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched up to April 2015. " 09/01/2001 - "Clinical efficacy of telemedicine in emergency radiotherapy for malignant spinal cord compression."
2.	Surgical Decompression 06/01/2014 - "We aimed to assess the efficacy of surgical decompression of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) in patients ≧65 years and review our multidisciplinary surgical decision-making process. " 05/01/2005 - "In severe compressive myelopathy, proprioceptive ability would be reduced and could be improved after surgical decompression. " 01/01/2012 - "This study reports the results of a systematic review comparing surgical decompression ± radiation to radiation therapy alone among patients with metastatic spinal cord compression. " 07/15/1999 - "A few studies have described the use of 18FDG-PET imaging in cervical cord diseases, but visualization of the cervical spinal cord before and after surgical decompression for compressive myelopathy has not been reported. " 01/01/2015 - "Delayed neurological deterioration in the absence of direct spinal cord insult following surgical decompression is a severe postoperative complication in patients with chronic severe spinal cord compression (SCC). "
3.	Laminectomy 04/01/2015 - "To evaluate long-term clinical and radiological results of cervical laminectomy without adjuvant-instrumented fusion for degenerative spinal cord compression. " 01/01/2015 - "We describe a novel case of spinal cord compression by paraspinal muscles following cervical laminectomy. " 12/01/2014 - "Spinal fixation using spinal instrumentation should be performed before laminectomy, particularly in patients with preoperative neurological damage or severe spinal cord compression at CTJ. " 07/01/2014 - "Ligamentum flavum ostosis can present with compressive myelopathy requiring laminectomy. " 11/01/2013 - "SCI was induced in mice by spinal cord compression, produced through the application of vascular clips to the dura via a T5 to T8 laminectomy. "
4.	Decompression 03/01/2015 - "Compared with posterior decompression, anterior decompression improved spinal cord function better and relived spinal cord compression more effectively with a more reasonable mechanics of internal fixation. " 11/01/2011 - "Efficacy of decompression and fixation for metastatic spinal cord compression: analysis of factors prognostic for survival and postoperative ambulation." 10/01/2015 - "MEDLINE, EMASE, and the Cochrane library databases were searched for relevant controlled studies up to December 2014 that compared anterior decompression and fusion with posterior laminoplasty for the treatment of multilevel cervical compressive myelopathy. " 01/15/1999 - "The authors conducted a study in which they applied the spinal cord compression-decompression model in rabbits to investigate the morphological changes and histopathological findings in the deformed spinal cord over a long-term period after performing decompressive surgery. " 11/01/1984 - "Experimental study on changes of the spinal-evoked potential and circulatory dynamics following spinal cord compression and decompression."
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 05/01/2008 - "Rapid initiation of chemotherapy was safe and effective in a neonate with NBL complicated by spinal cord compression." 01/01/2015 - "Local chemotherapy is effective and minimally invasive for patients with severe local symptoms without spinal cord compression. " 11/01/2012 - "This case illustrates the importance of early diagnosis of spinal cord compression and one of the main indications for the use of chemotherapy as the treatment for an oncologic emergency." 08/01/2010 - "Despite extensive erosion of the clivus, C1, and C2, and spinal cord compression, the patient was effectively managed with antituberculous drug therapy and conservative neck stabilization. " 09/16/2009 - "The use of chemotherapy (1.6%) or major interventions for spinal cord compression (0.9%) was uncommon. "