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Pain (Aches)

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Also Known As:

Aches; Physical Suffering; Ache; Pain, Burning; Pain, Crushing; Pain, Migratory; Pain, Radiating; Pain, Splitting; Burning Pain; Burning Pains; Crushing Pain; Crushing Pains; Migratory Pain; Migratory Pains; Pains, Burning; Pains, Crushing; Pains, Migratory; Pains, Radiating; Pains, Splitting; Physical Sufferings; Radiating Pain; Radiating Pains; Splitting Pain; Splitting Pains; Sufferings, Physical; Suffering, Physical

Networked: 115883 relevant articles (14704 outcomes, 17380 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Osteoarthritis
3.	Inflammation
4.	Neuralgia (Stump Neuralgia)
5.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)

Experts

1.	Arendt-Nielsen, Lars: 171 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Manchikanti, Laxmaiah: 165 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Moore, R Andrew: 131 articles (01/2015 - 02/2002)
4.	Derry, Sheena: 126 articles (01/2015 - 04/2004)
5.	Mercadante, Sebastiano: 104 articles (02/2016 - 02/2002)
6.	Kehlet, Henrik: 94 articles (12/2015 - 02/2002)
7.	Jensen, Mark P: 93 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
8.	Takahashi, Kazuhisa: 89 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
9.	Porreca, Frank: 89 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
10.	Svensson, Peter: 84 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pain:

1.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2007 - "For BTP, a mean dose of 28 mg of effervescent morphine (range 10-80 mg) resulted in a highly significant reduction of pain score (mean 7.8 to mean 3.2; P < 0.001). " 01/01/1997 - "In clinical practice, recent advances have been based upon an improved understanding of 'old' substances such as morphine and, at the same time, research continues in the hope of finding the 'ideal' analgesic-effective in most situations but without adverse effects: this appears to be a somewhat utopian arm at present, considering the number of different causes of pain. " 02/01/1985 - "One to two milligrams of intrathecal morphine dramatically relieved their spasticity and pain. " 05/01/2012 - "As pain in the intensive care unit (ICU) is still common despite important progress in pain management, we studied the efficacy of an intravenous bolus of morphine 2.5 vs 7.5 mg for procedural pain relief in patients after cardiothoracic surgery in the ICU. " 04/01/2012 - "The efficacy of consecutive NCPB technique with regard to pain relief was observed by a marked decrease in the visual analog score and in opioid consumption, with preprocedural mean values dropping from (8.7±1.0) and (155±56)mg/day of morphine to (1.8±1.1) and (0)mg/day at the first postprocedural visit, respectively. "
2.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 08/18/2015 - "However, close reading of the primary literature supports a different conclusion: opioids have been shown in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to be highly effective in the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain; long-term follow-up studies have shown that this effectiveness can be maintained; and effectiveness has been limited in many clinical trials by failure to take into account high variability in dose requirements, failure to adequately treat depression, and use of suboptimal outcome measures. " 05/01/2015 - "This study of patients with chronic spine pain was conducted to test the hypothesis that decreasing pain through interventional techniques coupled with cognitive motivational counseling can be highly effective in reducing chronic pain interference, reliance on prescription opioids, and enhancing overall function and quality of life. " 09/30/2014 - "The objectives of the article are to review the following: (1) the key initiating causes of the epidemic; (2) the evidence for safety and effectiveness of opioids for chronic pain; (3) federal and state policy responses; and (4) recommendations for neurologists in practice to increase use of best practices/universal precautions most likely to improve effective and safe use of opioids and to reduce the likelihood of severe adverse and overdose events. " 11/01/2012 - "Opioids are an extremely important part of medical practice, and for thousands of years, continued to provide relief from severe acute and chronic pain. " 01/01/2004 - "Opioid analgesics are highly effective for treating many forms of acute and chronic pain. "
3.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2014 - "All the described conditions were characterized by a highly intense pain, not adequately controlled by actual medications, which improved after the use of topical lidocaine. " 09/01/2014 - "Based on the literature review, it is not possible to uniformly specify the most effective and safe dose of lidocaine administered intravenously for the treatment of neuropathic or musculoskeletal pain. " 01/01/2011 - "Implants of slow-release lidocaine formulations are most effective against postincisional pain when placed at the ipsilateral nerve innervating the area of incision. " 11/01/2001 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of intraarterial lidocaine administration for control of pain resulting from TACE and to evaluate the optimal timing of administration. " 11/01/2013 - "For Qutenza, important predictors of efficacy were efficacy of lidocaine pretreatment and greater pretreatment pain score variability. "
4.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 06/01/2014 - "Therefore, information on both the analgesic drug dosage regimens used to treat koalas in Australia and koala caretakers' perceptions of the efficacy of these drugs to control pain was collected for the purpose of identifying the most popular analgesics to prioritize future analgesic pharmacokinetic studies for this species. " 02/01/1997 - "Knowledge of new novel classes of analgesics is important as further investigative studies will take place to determine which types of pain problems are most effectively treated by these classes of drugs." 12/01/2013 - "Thus, optimal relief from breakthrough pain is best attained by administering analgesics with dissolution times and bioavailabilities that closely match the onset and duration of breakthrough pain. " 10/15/2013 - "In recent years, analgesics that target specific nAChR subtypes have shown highly efficacious antinociceptive properties in acute and chronic pain models. " 07/01/2012 - "Most animal models currently used to evaluate antinociceptive efficacy of analgesics rely on the assessment of evoked pain behaviours as primary endpoints. "
5.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2014 - "In this article, after a brief introduction on the most recent advances on the transition from acute to chronic pain, we have focused on paracetamol, an analgesic drug widely used for over a century for its demonstrated efficacy and tolerability. " 04/01/2013 - "Intravenous paracetamol was found to be the most effective in reducing both blood pressure and heart rate (p < 0.001).The effect on post-operative pain was insignificant. " 02/01/2012 - "Acetaminophen was considered as the most effective treatment for pain by 84 (37.50%) of the patients. " 12/01/2006 - "Acetaminophen is highly effective in pain treatment after endoscopic sinus surgery." 05/01/2010 - "Acetaminophen 1000 mg was significantly more effective than placebo for all but 1 (pain reduced to none at 2 hours) clinically important secondary pain relief outcomes. "
6.	Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs)IBA 02/01/2013 - "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are highly effective against the major symptoms of axSpA (pain and stiffness) and may have disease-modifying properties including retarding progression of structural damage in the spine. " 07/01/2012 - "Although highly effective for pain relief, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with systemic adverse reactions that are sometimes treatment limiting, especially for older patients. " 09/01/2009 - "Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are both easily accessible to patients and generally effective for pain relief, are the most popular pharmacologic therapies used in OA; unfortunately, these agents are associated with gastrointestinal and other cardiovascular risks. " 06/01/2007 - "NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. " 09/01/2002 - "Among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective for relieving pain, but they are also associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events. "
7.	Fentanyl (Sublimaze)FDA LinkGeneric 12/15/2012 - "The pain persisted for more than two weeks and was not relieved by multiple regimens of opioid and nonopioid medications, including extremely high doses of i.v. fentanyl. " 01/01/2015 - "It is concluded, from this population-based data, that the proprietary, transdermal fentanyl matrix patch is effective and safe for chronic pain management in clinical practice, with significant positive analgesic and QoL effects, while being well tolerated and exhibiting good or very good adhesiveness. " 03/01/2011 - "Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used for the management of chronic pain. " 04/07/2005 - "Chronic pain can be effectively treated with fentanyl-TTS, which has a very favorable side effect profile. " 01/01/2004 - "The TTS-fentanyl group also showed significantly greater improvements of important G-BPI domains including global quality of life, pain, and physical, cognitive, and role functioning, than the P/C group (p< 0.01). "
8.	Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "We conducted this meta-analysis to summarize all published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), thus providing the most recent information on the safety and efficacy of single-administration IA bupivacaine for pain relief after arthroscopic knee surgery, and to determine whether a dose-response relationship exists. " 11/01/1994 - "Pain relief was superior in the bupivacaine series (P < 0.05) throughout the 24 hour study period and this was associated with significantly greater pulmonary ventilation compared with the PCA series. " 08/01/1992 - "From 4 h until the end of the study period, pain scores were significantly greater in the bupivacaine group than in the other two groups. " 04/01/1990 - "A double blind controlled randomised trial suggested that irrigation of third molar sockets with bupivacaine 0.75% produces significant reduction in pain scored on the first post-operative morning (p less than 0.01). " 01/01/1978 - "In general the results of the trial show that 0.125% bupivacaine had a significantly higher failure rate than either of the other two concentrations, but in those cases where 0.125% was effective and achieved total pain relief there was a significant reduction in the amount of the drug used."
9.	Tramadol FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "This post hoc analysis suggests that the tramadol ER 300-mg dose was associated with statistically significant improvement in pain intensity and physical function, and for most of the pain-related sleep effects among these geriatric patients with moderate chronic/persistent pain." 05/01/2015 - "Tramadol has an important position as a Step II agent on the WHO pain ladder, where it is effective for a variety of syndromes in patients with mild to moderate pain intensity. " 03/01/2008 - "The proven efficacy and safety profile--and the low potential for abuse--make tramadol ER a viable therapeutic option for the management of chronic/persistent nonmalignant pain in some patients. " 05/01/1997 - "Tramadol has a favorable adverse-effect profile and therefore is likely to have an important role in the management of chronic pain syndromes." 01/01/1997 - "Tramadol has been in clinical use in Germany since the late 1970s and has proven effective in both experimental and clinical pain without causing serious cardiovascular or respiratory side effects. "
10.	Diclofenac (SR 38)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1991 - "Physician's assessment of complete relief of pain was also statistically significant (P less than 0.01) in favour of Voltaren Emulgel throughout the trial period and the physician's overall assessment of therapeutic efficacy revealed that a satisfactory result was achieved in 86% of Voltaren Emulgel-treated patients compared with 76% of patients receiving regular gel (P less than 0.05). " 01/01/2015 - "The diclofenac group displayed a more marked decrease in the pain score than did the two other groups by day 30. " 07/01/2010 - "Diclofenac is a proven, commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties, and has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of acute and chronic pain and inflammatory conditions. " 05/01/1999 - "Diclofenac-potassium is a potent NSAID available as a fast-acting oral tablet, which has been shown to be safe and effective in several other acute pain indications. " 01/01/2008 - "* Single-dose HPbetaCD diclofenac 3.75, 9.4, 18.75, 25, 37.5, 50 and 75 mg administered by intravenous bolus injection produced significantly greater responses than placebo for total pain relief (TOTPAR) over 6 hours or pain intensity at 4 hours in the treatment of moderate or severe postoperative dental pain in randomized, double-blind trials. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Analgesia 07/01/2006 - "Since VNS has been shown to be more effective in experimental procedures in which pain magnitude is amplified by central processing, further studies are warranted to elucidate whether the central or peripheral effect is most important for VNS-mediated analgesia." 10/01/2015 - "Literature and research demonstrate that neuroimmune cells called glia are not only responsible for initiating and maintaining part of the chronic pain disease process, but also release inflammatory molecules responsible for decreasing the efficacy of one of the most prominent treatments for pain, opioid analgesia. " 06/01/2015 - "Neuraxial analgesia is considered the gold standard of labour analgesia as it provides the most effective method of pain relief during childbirth. " 03/01/2014 - "Administration of analgesia resulted in a highly significant reduction in pain scores (NRS p<0.0001). " 07/01/2010 - "Opioid analgesia is the mainstay of treatment for moderate to severe acute and chronic pain and is highly effective in relieving pain but can be limited by side effects, the most common of which affect the gastrointestinal (GI) and central nervous systems. "
2.	Injections 07/01/2009 - "To critically review the best available studies evaluating the efficacy of lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) in the treatment of radicular pain. " 07/01/2013 - "Among the many diagnostic and therapeutic interventions available for the management of chronic pain, epidural steroid injections are one of the most commonly used modalities. " 09/01/2012 - "Corticosteroid injections produced a significant reduction in pain in the short term (three to 12 weeks), but in the long term the placebo injection produced the best results." 01/01/2011 - "By creating micro vibration, this device would be effective in reducing the pain and anxiety confronted with most types of intraoral injections as palatal, mandibular block, intraligamental and local infiltration. " 07/01/2009 - "Most patients whose pain is responsive to SIJ steroid injections improved sufficiently and remained well after 1 to 3 injections, but some required frequent injections on a long-term basis."
3.	Arthroplasty 12/01/2014 - "In most studies, total wrist arthroplasty achieved improvement in pain and function over time. " 05/01/2012 - "The best examples of positive outcome for both pain relief and functional improvement are total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty. " 06/01/2011 - "The findings provide preliminary evidence that the treatment may be highly efficacious for reducing pain, catastrophizing, and disability, in patients reporting elevated catastrophizing prior to knee arthroplasty. " 04/01/2010 - " Introduction of a peripheral subcutaneous field stimulation directly to the painful knee area is a novel and simple procedure that was extremely effective for the relief of pain and may provide a breakthrough in the treatment of chronic intractable knee pain following total knee arthroplasty. " 04/01/2010 - "Pain management after total hip arthroplasty has improved dramatically in the past decade. "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2015 - "At the most current follow-up assessment after treatment, the average DASH score decreased (improved) from 36.1 to 17.1 (P<0.001) and the average numeric pain scale value decreased (improved) from 4.3 to 2.4 (P<0.001). " 06/01/2014 - "Most patients with pain preintervention reported significant improvement after treatment; however, almost a third reported worsening pain or no change after surgical management. " 06/01/2010 - "Half of patients have complete pain relief five years after treatment, with best results obtained if treatment is performed early after the first pain attack. " 01/01/2010 - "Seven hundred and eighty-eight patients with clinically confirmed FM and baseline pain > or =40 mm on a 100 mm visual analogue scale ranked 5 FM clinical features that the subjects would most like to see improved after treatment (one for each priority quintile) from a list of 20 developed during focus groups. " 09/01/2009 - "All had highly significant improvement in their recorded pain profile scores measured at 3 months after treatment (p<0.001). "
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/2015 - "Looking to the future, improved clinician-patient communication, advanced diagnostic techniques and a refinement of prescribed adjunct pharmacotherapies will offer the most successful multimodal pain management approach to the problem of OIH." 05/01/2008 - "An understanding of BBB regulation during pain states is critically important for pharmacotherapy, and it holds great promise for new therapies to treat central nervous system pathologies." 01/01/2006 - "In the interventional chemotherapy group, there were 5 cases of complete remission (CR) and 49 cases of partial remission (PR), giving a response rate (CR+PR) of 77.1%; pain control was effective in 95.7% cases; survival time was 3-34 months (median 13.5). " 11/01/2000 - "Ablative neurosurgical methods are mainly proposed in cases of nociceptive pain, but, at present, medical treatments and local pharmacotherapy (intrathecal and intracerebroventricular) are often very effective in this context. " 04/01/1984 - "At the final assessment, 67% had complete pain relief; 23% were improved, with pan relieved by minimal drug therapy; and 10% had poor results with unsatisfactory pain relief even with medications. "