Hypothyroidism

A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 10560 relevant articles (307 outcomes, 945 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hyperthyroidism
2.	Thyroid Neoplasms (Thyroid Cancer)
3.	Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)
4.	Goiter
5.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)

Experts

1.	Laurberg, Peter: 29 articles (02/2016 - 01/2002)
2.	Teng, Weiping: 24 articles (11/2015 - 05/2002)
3.	Bianco, Antonio C: 23 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Wiersinga, Wilmar M: 20 articles (03/2014 - 10/2002)
5.	Knudsen, Nils: 19 articles (11/2015 - 03/2002)
6.	Shan, Zhongyan: 19 articles (11/2015 - 05/2002)
7.	Pearce, Elizabeth N: 19 articles (10/2015 - 07/2003)
8.	Miyauchi, Akira: 19 articles (01/2015 - 09/2002)
9.	Visser, Theo J: 19 articles (02/2014 - 07/2002)
10.	Braverman, Lewis E: 18 articles (11/2014 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypothyroidism:

1.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1982 - "Treatment with thyroxine resulted in a marked improvement of most of the clinical features of hypothyroidism and some improvement in cardiac function. " 10/01/2013 - "Daily administration of thyroxine has proven efficacy in treatment of children with hypothyroidism. " 01/01/2012 - "For both subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid auto-immunity, treatment with levothyroxine has not yet been proven to be effective in preventing complications during pregnancy. " 01/01/2010 - "Levothyroxine treatment had no effect on serum PON-1 activity and hs-CRP level, but it resulted in a significant reduction in carotid intima-media thickness in the subclinical hypothyroidism patients. " 10/01/2007 - "However, the subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism showed a significant reduction in hsCRP levels after levothyroxine. "
2.	HormonesIBA 10/01/2015 - "Since the reports by Bettencourt and Murray, there has been a continuous documentation of outcomes, refinement of hormone preparation production, and updating of recommendations for the most effective and safe use of these hormones for relieving the symptoms of hypothyroidism. " 05/01/1999 - "Our hypothesis was that those regions that are most dependent on thyroid hormone should present selective increases of D2 as a protection against hypothyroidism. " 08/01/1998 - "Neonatal screening and early thyroid hormone therapy have eliminated most of the clinical consequences of hypothyroidism such that the heritability of this condition may become apparent in the near future. " 11/01/2010 - "If the patient's chronic symptoms are relieved soon after beginning thyroid hormone supplements, it is very likely that the treatment is compensating for hypothyroidism." 11/01/1997 - "The diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism was established in all patients by thyroid function tests, and initiation of thyroid hormone therapy resulted in significant improvement of the presenting symptom. "
3.	IodineIBA 05/01/2011 - "Placental iodine content was only ∼3% that of the thyroid, but on the basis that neonatal iodine stores are very low and highly sensitive to fluctuations in maternal iodine supply, we postulate that placental iodine bioavailability makes a significant contribution to protection against neonatal hypothyroidism. " 01/01/1998 - "Iodine prophylaxis is highly effective in preventing the development of iodine deficiency disorders including transient neonatal hypothyroidism. " 01/01/1994 - "Iodine prophylaxis is highly effective in preventing the development of iodine deficiency disorders including transient neonatal hypothyroidism. " 01/01/2009 - "Dietary iodine supplementation alone resulted in complete remission of IDD in the subjects, including the 2 patients with hypothyroidism. " 07/01/1995 - "Since the clearance of iodine is linearly related to GFR, our study suggests that in the setting of hypothyroidism, the bioavailability of a given dose of radioiodine may have significant individual variation."
4.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)FDA Link 10/01/2010 - "Improved diagnosis of mild hypothyroidism using time-of-day normal ranges for thyrotropin." 03/01/2010 - "Exogenous stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) avoids hypothyroidism and hastens the clearance of radioiodine from the patient. " 07/01/2006 - "Bovine thyrotropin (bTSH) stimulation testing has long been considered the gold standard for diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism. " 01/01/2002 - "In three of the patients, l-T4 administration could be discontinued and the clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism disappeared because of an improved serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level. " 04/01/1999 - "The gold standard for diagnosis of hypothyroidism remains the thyroid-stimulating hormone response test. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 05/01/1984 - "The clinical course of the disease in the 11 women who became hyperthyroid within 6 months after giving birth was similar to that experienced by the other patients, but of the 11 who had increased titres of antimicrosomal antibodies a significantly greater proportion (73%) showed at least transient evidence of hypothyroidism; 1 patient remained frankly hypothyroid for a year. " 01/01/2014 - "We analysed, the patient characteristics, TSH, T4, T3 and thyroid antibodies levels, AT response, remission post I(131), side effects, and hypothyroidism rates. " 06/01/2002 - "Although the patient had no symptoms of hypothyroidism, thyroid auto-antibodies remained elevated even after disease remission." 07/01/2015 - "Multiple studies reported an increased risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism among individuals with elevated TSH and antithyroid antibodies. " 09/01/2006 - "We describe thyroid auto-antibodies in patients with various nosological subtypes of hypothyroidism identified in a population study. "
6.	Thyroid HormonesIBA 01/01/2000 - "Application of thyroid gland tissue xenotransplantate in this model of hypothyroidism helped to achieve the increasing of thyroid hormones levels in serum and rehabilitation of lymphocytes functional activity. " 01/01/1997 - "It also enhanced the production of thyroid hormones, normalized oxygen consumption, improved the patients' condition, increased physical and mental performance in patients with hypothyroidism." 11/01/1985 - "The improvement in hatchability observed when thyroid hormones were injected at 25 days of incubation offers further evidence that hypothyroidism may be a cause of poor hatchability among turkey eggs." 07/01/2014 - "According to the present study, it seems that the treatment of hypothyroidism with thyroid hormones reduces both serum levels of TSH and bone density. " 03/01/2014 - "Despite extensive studies of the neural function of thyroid hormones, little is known about the effects of hypothyroidism on behavioural traits and the mechanisms underlying such effects. "
7.	PropylthiouracilFDA Link 10/01/1995 - "Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in male rats produced a highly significant reduction in NOS gene transcripts in the PVN and SON, as assessed by quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry with a specific oligodeoxynucleotide probe. " 02/01/1999 - "Propylthiouracil (PTU), administered to induce hypothyroidism, resulted in a significant reduction m the thyroid and brain weight of neonatal rats. " 12/01/2000 - "This study compared the efficacy of heat and cold stress to identify thermoregulatory deficits in rats subjected to borderline and overt hypothyroidism via subchronic exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU). " 08/01/2015 - "The current study evaluated the effects of gestational and/or lactational maternal exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism (as a suggestive multilevel experimental approach to the study of hypothyroidism-induced changes that has been developed and characterized by the authors) on crucial brain enzyme activities of 21-day-old Wistar rat offspring in a CNS region-specific manner. " 02/01/2015 - "The aim of the present study was to shed more light on the effects of gestational and/or lactational maternal exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism as a multilevel experimental approach to the study of hypothyroidism-induced changes on crucial brain enzyme activities of 21-day-old Wistar rat offspring in a brain region-specific manner. "
8.	AutoantibodiesIBA 06/01/2015 - "The prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in those with subclinical hypothyroidism and clinical hyper- and hypothyroidism was significantly greater than in euthyroid subjects. " 06/01/2005 - "The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between thyroid autoantibodies in serum and abnormalities in thyroid function and structure, and to study the thyroid volume in subjects with subclinical autoimmune hypothyroidism. " 08/01/1995 - "Thyroid function studies confirmed subclinical hypothyroidism in 27 patients (4.9%), all of them with elevated serum anti-TPO autoantibodies levels. " 11/01/2014 - "Laboratory testing revealed increased inflammatory parameters, subclinical hypothyroidism and very high levels of thyroid autoantibodies. " 12/01/2013 - "Moreover, thyroid autoantibodies are rare and hypothyroidism is unrelated to thyroid autoimmunity in nonhuman great apes. "
9.	Iodide Peroxidase (Deiodinase)IBA 11/01/2014 - "Studies of molecular mechanisms associated with increased deiodinase 3 expression in a case of consumptive hypothyroidism." 03/01/1973 - "[Hormonal and metabolic studies in a case of athyreotic hypothyroidism with secondary hypoactivity of deiodinase]." 03/01/2015 - "A common polymorphism in the gene encoding the activating deiodinase (Thr92Ala-D2) is known to be associated with quality of life in millions of patients with hypothyroidism and with several organ-specific conditions. " 01/01/2015 - "High Body Mass Index Is an Indicator of Maternal Hypothyroidism, Hypothyroxinemia, and Thyroid-Peroxidase Antibody Positivity during Early Pregnancy." 11/01/2014 - "In conclusion, the Hedgehog-dependent changes in liver stromal cells drive repair-related changes in hepatic deiodinase expression that promote intrahepatic hypothyroidism, thereby limiting exposure to T3, an important factor for cellular differentiation."
10.	Amiodarone (Amiodarona)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "Our experience advocates for vigilant screening and management of hypothyroidism in fetuses exposed to in utero amiodarone and suggests that it is possible to achieve good outcomes in high-acuity refractory cases of SVT. " 04/01/1999 - "Hypothyroid animals treated with amiodarone showed a combination of ionic effects (strong IKs reduction, similar to hypothyroidism alone; reduced IKr and IK1, similar to amiodarone alone), along with action potential prolongation significantly greater than that caused by either intervention alone. " 04/01/1994 - "Studies have suggested that chronic amiodarone treatment (a class III antiarrhythmic) may have effects on the myocardium that resemble those of hypothyroidism. " 04/01/2014 - "Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism was clinically diagnosed in 20.85% of the patients. " 01/01/2013 - "Occurrence of amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism during amiodarone therapy and long duration of therapy may be cautionary markers of late AIT."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Thyroidectomy 10/01/2009 - "These data show that radioiodine treatment is safe and effective in pediatric GD with significant lower incidence of relapse and adverse effects but significantly higher incidence of hypothyroidism as compared with both ATD and thyroidectomy. " 04/01/1998 - "In our experience total thyroidectomy is the gold standard for diffuse diseases of the thyroid, because, without more specific complication than subtotal thyroidectomy, it ensures: no recurrences, an easy control of postoperative hypothyroidism, the removal of microscopic malignant foci, the stopping of ophthalmopathy evolution." 08/01/2015 - "In the present study, we performed thyroidectomy and injected L-T4 daily in Wistar rats to induce maternal subclinical hypothyroidism. " 01/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the biochemical and histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa of the rats with thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism and to compare them with those of a control group. " 01/01/2009 - "Twenty Wistar rats were separated into two groups: the study group (n = 10), which underwent total thyroidectomy to induce hypothyroidism, and the control group (n = 10). "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 04/01/1993 - "After treatment with SLT, the clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism were markedly improved. " 10/01/1995 - "Euthyroidism was reached in a shorter time after treatment in group II (median time 0.8 year in group II Vs 1.1 yrs in group I) It is concluded that radioiodine is an effective treatment for toxic multinodular goitre with a significant low incidence of post therapy hypothyroidism in patients treated with low doses as compared to higher doses of radioiodine therapy." 05/01/2007 - "The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic features of the thyroid gland in hypothyroid dogs, to calculate the diagnostic sensitivity of gray-scale ultrasound using a combination of clinical symptoms and biochemical thyroid tests as gold standard, and to investigate the evolution of the ultrasonographic features after treatment of hypothyroidism. " 09/01/2010 - "Improved in vitro fertilization outcomes after treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in infertile women." 08/01/1984 - "Subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) blood flow (BF) in the abdomen, thigh, and arm was determined by measuring the local clearance of [133]Xe in patients with untreated hyper- or hypothyroidism (n = 10, n = 7); six patients in each group were reexamined after treatment when they were euthyroid. "
3.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 03/01/2011 - "Ovarian volumes of patients with hypothyroidism were significantly greater compared with controls, and their magnitudes diminished significantly during thyroid hormone replacement therapy. " 01/01/2013 - "In spite of certain efficacy of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in treating hypothyroidism, it often results in other side effects because of its over-replacement, so it is still urgent to discover new modes of treatment for hypothyroidism. " 01/01/2007 - "If hypothyroidism is confirmed by laboratory analysis, imaging studies should be performed immediately; however, it is not acceptable to delay hormone replacement therapy if imaging studies are not readily available. " 10/01/2006 - "To study the implications of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) treatment in the pathogenesis of Reinke's oedema (via a possible pseudo-hypothyroidism effect), and also to study why the disease affects a predominantly post-menopausal female population. " 03/01/2006 - "Hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism and nerve conduction study."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/1996 - "Lasting remission after antithyroid drug therapy (median 6.5 years; range 4.5-8 years) was noted in 6/31 patients (19%), three (10%) of whom subsequently developed hypothyroidism. " 01/01/2016 - "Reductions of thyroid gland volume below 2 standard deviations of the weight-specific mean value, occurrence of ultrasonographically detectable thyroid gland pathologies, and hypothyroidism were retrospectively assessed in 103 children and adolescents 7 months to 20 years of age (median: 7 years of age) at baseline (1997-2013) treated with chemoradiation therapy (with the thyroid gland dose assessable) or with chemotherapy alone and followed by ultrasonography and laboratory examinations through 2014 (median follow-up time: 48 months). " 01/01/2015 - "Serum FT4 and TSH concentrations were serially monitored to enable adjustments to drug therapy and prevent clinical hypothyroidism. " 02/01/2014 - "Using data from GP prescribing systems, a computerised tool to calculate individual adherence levels for oral pharmacotherapy for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypothyroidism has been developed. " 01/01/2014 - "Maternal anti-thyroid drug therapy (ATD) and low TRAbs and fT4 were the risk factors of foetal hypothyroidism. "
5.	Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) 08/01/2014 - "Certain data indicate that LLLT is effective in patients with hypothyroidism caused by CAT; however, the mechanisms of action of LLLT in thyroid tissue are unknown. " 08/01/2014 - "This finding suggested that the significant increase in serum TGF-β1 levels in patients with CAT-induced hypothyroidism was associated with the thyroid LLLT procedure. " 05/01/2013 - "These findings suggest that LLLT was effective at improving thyroid function, promoting reduced TPOAb-mediated autoimmunity and increasing thyroid echogenicity in patients with CAT hypothyroidism." 01/01/2012 - "These results suggest that LLLT can ameliorate thyroid parenchyma vascularization and increase the SPV of the ITA of patients with hypothyroidism caused by CAT." 01/01/2012 - "To evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the thyroid vascularization of patients with hypothyroidism induced by CAT using color Doppler ultrasound parameters. "