Insulin Resistance

Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS. It can be caused by the presence of INSULIN ANTIBODIES or the abnormalities in insulin receptors (RECEPTOR, INSULIN) on target cell surfaces. It is often associated with OBESITY; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; INFECTION; and certain rare conditions. (from Stedman, 25th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 37918 relevant articles (2036 outcomes, 4938 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Obesity
2.	Inflammation
3.	Weight Loss (Weight Reduction)
4.	Hyperglycemia
5.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)

Experts

1.	Shulman, Gerald I: 107 articles (03/2015 - 02/2002)
2.	Kadowaki, Takashi: 72 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Haffner, Steven M: 68 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
4.	Stumvoll, Michael: 62 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	DeFronzo, Ralph A: 62 articles (05/2015 - 06/2002)
6.	Sowers, James R: 61 articles (07/2015 - 02/2002)
7.	Reaven, Gerald M: 60 articles (09/2015 - 02/2002)
8.	Blüher, Matthias: 58 articles (01/2016 - 01/2004)
9.	Mantzoros, Christos S: 58 articles (01/2015 - 02/2003)
10.	Kahn, C Ronald: 56 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Insulin Resistance:

1.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2012 - "Moreover, the insulin requirement dramatically decreased from 168 to 80 units per day as GH improved, suggesting a potential role of GH in insulin resistance. " 02/18/2002 - "A determination of the genetic defects that predispose to either insulin resistance or decreased insulin secretion is important, as an improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms may be essential for the development of the most effective treatment. " 11/01/2012 - "At the end of 60 days, HFFD-fed mice displayed insulin resistance while ASX-treated HFFD animals showed marked improvement in insulin sensitivity parameters. " 01/01/2002 - "The 112/121 haplotype combination was also associated with a marked decrease in the insulin secretory response, adjusted for the level of insulin resistance (P = 0.002). " 11/01/1980 - "After prolonged exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to Anti-R, the insulinomimetic activity is lost, and the cells show a marked decrease in their maximal response to insulin (antibody-induced desensitization), thus providing a model for the insulin resistance seen in vivo. "
2.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 03/15/2010 - "Recent animal studies highlighted a possible interaction between chronic PDE5 inhibition and glucose homeostasis which occurs through a marked improvement of high fat diet induced insulin resistance. " 03/18/2009 - "However, they caused a marked decrease of FBG and a significant improvement on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice. " 10/01/2004 - "Intraperitoneal administration of the peptide led to its transduction into various tissues in vivo, and this treatment markedly improved insulin resistance and ameliorated glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. " 08/01/1991 - "High fat feeding causes insulin resistance and a marked decrease in the expression of glucose transporters (Glut 4) in fat cells of rats." 01/01/2016 - "There was a significant reduction in insulin resistance measured by the homeostatic model assessment in the isolated-impaired fasting glucose (p < 0.05) but not in the isolated-impaired glucose tolerance groups (p = 0.59). "
3.	Metformin (Glucophage)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2011 - "Most studies suggested that metformin led to a significant reduction in insulin resistance. " 04/01/2009 - "Despite the marked decrease in progression to diabetes and the improvement in insulin resistance and other cardiovascular risk markers in the ILS and metformin groups, there was no improvement in ACR, on average, in those two groups. " 05/01/2011 - "Metformin treatment significantly improved glycation, oxidative stress, CCL2 levels, NO bioavailability and insulin resistance and normalized endothelial function in aorta. " 05/01/2007 - "The combination of thiazolinediones and metformin is associated with a slight but significant improvement in the long-term blood pressure control of these patients, and with an improvement in the anti-inflammatory state, both of which are related to a similar reduction in insulin-resistance." 03/01/2007 - "Insulin resistance was improved by metformin and worsened by the high-dose OCP. "
4.	AdiponectinIBA 05/01/2012 - "However, there was significant improvement in hepatic insulin resistance after only 2 wk of RIM treatment with a concomitant increase in plasma adiponectin levels; both were maintained for the duration of the RIM treatment. " 10/03/2006 - "It has been postulated that high serum concentrations of adiponectin, an emerging biomarker that is linked to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, may be protective against T2DM and CHD. " 11/01/2003 - "Our work also confirmed that replenishment of adiponectin represents a novel treatment strategy for insulin resistance and Type II diabetes using animal models. " 09/01/2003 - "Thus, the administration of adiponectin may provide a novel treatment modality for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes." 08/01/2001 - "These data also indicate that the replenishment of adiponectin might provide a novel treatment modality for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes."
5.	pioglitazone (Actos)FDA Link 08/01/2001 - "Pioglitazone significantly (P < 0.001) decreased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; -12.4+/-7.46%) and improved beta-cell function (Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-BCF); +47.7+/-11.58%). " 01/01/2013 - "Pioglitazone is an oral antidiabetic agent effective for reactive hypoglycaemia and aggravated glycaemic metabolism associated with insulin resistance. " 01/01/2010 - "Pioglitazone is a TZD which has been shown to be effective in glycemic control by lowering insulin resistance. " 03/01/2007 - "Pioglitazone is widely used for the treatment of diabetic patients with insulin resistance. " 10/01/2002 - "Pioglitazone has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, as it reduces insulin resistance and improves glycaemic control and abnormal lipid profiles. "
6.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 10/29/2004 - "Overexpression of dominant-negative type JNK in the liver of obese diabetic mice dramatically improved insulin resistance and markedly decreased blood glucose levels. " 01/01/2015 - "Injection of nesfatin-1 after SG significantly improved insulin resistance and reduced blood glucose levels. " 08/14/2014 - "After 28 weeks of treatment, the levels of fasting blood sugar and insulin resistance improved significantly in the G1 group (P< 0·001). " 01/01/2013 - "In subjects with type 2 diabetes, this surgical intervention results in a significant reduction in blood glucose and insulin resistance." 08/01/2005 - "Blood glucose (204+/-16 mg/dL to 147+/-8 mg/dL, P<.001) and insulin resistance (9.11+/-1.51 to 7.15+/-1.15, P=.04) improved significantly in the ST group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the ET group. "
7.	CholesterolIBA 04/01/2008 - "During the same period, a statistically significant reduction was also observed in total cholesterol levels (P = 0.042), and there was a weak trend toward the reduction in insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) (P = 0.080). " 07/01/2007 - "Exercise training results in cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations that may be beneficial in menopausal women by reducing blood pressure, insulin resistance, and cholesterol level. " 07/01/2015 - "BAR improved hepatic insulin resistance in FLS mice by reducing hepatic cholesterol without affecting hepatic triglyceride levels or body fat distribution. " 01/01/2012 - "Improved insulin resistance/diabetes at 5 days was predicted by 24 h changes as follows: per cent change ASP, HDL-Chol, hsCRP and total cholesterol predicted HOMA-IR (5 days) (r(2)=0.454, P<0.001), and per cent change ASP, HDL-Chol and hsCRP predicted change (5 days vs baseline) in HOMA-IR (r(2)=0.351, P<0.001). " 05/01/2015 - "To present a comprehensive report of the distribution of CMS in Nigeria, extensive searches was carried out on PubMed, African Journals Online (AJOL), SCOPUS, EBSCOhost (CINAHL Plus), Google Scholar and Science Direct using terms: Nigeria, metabolic syndrome, cardio-metabolic syndrome, syndrome X, World Health Organization, International Diabetic Federation, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, European Group for study on Insulin Resistance, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist, American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. "
8.	FructoseIBA 08/01/2014 - "ZSP also markedly improved the HDL-C level, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β), and decreased the atherogenic index (AI) of the mice exposed to high-fructose water. " 08/01/2010 - "The study evaluated the protective effects of Cissus quadrangularis stem extract (CQEt) on oxidant-antioxidant balance and insulin resistance (IR) in rats fed high fat-high fructose diet (HFFD) and also tested its free-radical scavenging property in vitro. " 10/05/2015 - "NFAT inhibitor tributylhexadecylphosphoniumbromide, ameliorates high fructose induced insulin resistance and nephropathy." 06/01/2013 - "Activation of PPARα ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis in high fructose-fed mice despite increased endoplasmic reticulum stress." 10/01/2012 - "Amla (Emblica officinalis) extract is effective in preventing high fructose diet-induced insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemic profile in ovariectomized female albino rats."
9.	Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)IBA 04/01/2015 - "In postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome, dietary intervention plus supplementation of omega-3 resulted in a further decrease in triglycerides and blood pressure and also in an improvement in insulin resistance and inflammatory markers, important components of metabolic syndrome." 08/01/2013 - "Those with LDL-P > LDL-C had significantly greater body mass index, waist circumference, homeostatic model of insulin resistance, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflected a greater Hispanic ethnic composition but fewer of black race than both the concordant (LDL-P ≅ LDL-C) and opposite discordant (LDL-P < LDL-C) subgroups. " 06/01/2013 - "Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was unchanged during 12 months of treatment in patients with high baseline fasting triglycerides, while it progressively improved in patients with low fasting plasma triglycerides. " 01/01/2012 - "After 12 weeks of anti-TNF therapy, patients with high insulin resistance demonstrated significant reduction in HOMA-IR (P < 0.001), HOMA-B (P = 0.001), serum triglycerides (P = 0.039), and increase in QUICKI (P < 0.001) and serum HDL-C (P = 0.022). " 01/01/2012 - "Dietary intake of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols ameliorates insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet."
10.	LeptinIBA 04/01/2005 - "We found no difference in cardiac indices, insulin resistance, body composition and leptin levels between patients with complete biochemical remission and those with inadequately controlled disease (P > 0.05 for all) after TSS. " 12/01/2008 - "And the simultaneous measurement of insulin resistance and leptin concentration might be helpful for screening subjects with a high-risk of CAD." 01/01/2008 - "Long-term recombinant leptin therapy is effective in treating the insulin resistance of patients with the unusual combination of T1D and AGL." 10/01/2011 - "Furthermore, walking improved insulin resistance and decreased body fat while lowering serum levels of leptin." 06/01/2011 - "Our findings may help to elucidate the effects of leptin on insulin resistance."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) 12/01/2013 - "Previous studies showed that early after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), there is a remarkable improvement in type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance. " 04/01/2005 - "There was marked loss of/improvement in insulin resistance within 6 days of gastric bypass by both IVGTT and HOMA methods in all groups, which was maintained over the 12-month period. " 01/01/2013 - "Although medium- to long-term improvement in insulin resistance and T2DM after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is well documented, few studies have analyzed the acute effects after surgery. " 08/01/2014 - "Adipocyte size threshold matters: link with risk of type 2 diabetes and improved insulin resistance after gastric bypass." 01/01/2014 - "Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) results in remission of insulin resistance and T2DM thus presenting an opportunity to examine some critical aspects of these conditions. "
2.	Bariatric Surgery 03/01/2013 - "The postprandial HTG level might be the best predictor of improved insulin resistance in morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery." 04/26/2012 - "The index for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) improved significantly after bariatric surgery. " 05/01/2005 - "Bariatric surgery for morbidly obese patients leads to rapid and prolonged improvement in insulin resistance and T2DM in the vast majority of patients. " 07/01/2014 - "Moreover, VAT CCNG2 expression was the main determinant of the improvement in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index at 3 months after bariatric surgery (B = -271.7, P = .026). " 11/01/2014 - "The aim of this review is to describe microbiota modifications observed after bariatric surgery and its potential relationships with improved insulin resistance. "
3.	Caloric Restriction 07/01/2010 - "Insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) improved with both RYGB (5.0 +/- 3.1 to 3.3 +/- 2.1; P = 0.03) and caloric restriction (4.8 +/- 4.1 to 3.6 +/- 4.1; P = 0.004). " 05/01/2013 - "Recent randomized controlled studies have shown that a supervised, moderate caloric restriction coupled with regular exercise (both aerobic and resistance) in obese older adults do not increase mortality risk and may conversely reduce insulin resistance, metabolic complications, and disabilities without exacerbating lean mass and bone mineral density loss. " 06/01/2011 - "This study aimed to evaluate the influence of insulin resistance status on weight changes in non-obese women who followed a home-based exercise program and slight caloric restriction over a period of 12 months. " 08/01/2006 - "Taken together, these studies suggest that diminished skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass and function, specifically in the SS mitochondrial compartment, contribute to the high metabolic efficiency for catch-up fat after caloric restriction and underscore a potential link between diminished skeletal muscle SS mitochondrial energetics, increased ROS concentration, and insulin resistance during catch-up fat." 11/01/1982 - "These studies indicate that short-term HFHC diets without caloric restriction were ineffective in improving glycemic control or lessening insulin resistance in very obese patients with type II diabetes."
4.	Oral Administration 01/01/2012 - "The aim of our study was to determine the safety and efficacy of oral administration of Imm124-E to patients with insulin resistance and NASH. " 12/01/2015 - "Western blotting showed that oral administration of TiO2 FPs did not induce insulin resistance (IR) in mouse liver. " 10/01/2015 - "Western blotting showed that oral administration of TiO2 nanoparticles induced insulin resistance (IR) in mouse liver, shown by increased phosphorylation of IRS1 (Ser307) and reduced phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473). " 05/01/2011 - "Treatment is achieved by oral administration of the previously mentioned agents in the last 15 days of HFD feeding after induction of insulin resistance and T2DM in rats. " 03/01/2010 - "The preoperative oral administration of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrient is of clinical benefit and reduces postoperative insulin resistance in patients undergoing hepatic resection."
5.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2015 - "The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to investigate the potentially associated factors. " 01/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in HIV-positive patients with and without HAART and healthy HIV-negative controls. " 01/01/2015 - "Insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: cross-sectional study." 01/01/2014 - "a-FABP was positively correlated to body fat content, especially to trunk fat, both at initial evaluation and at follow-up in HIV children and, after prolonged highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy, it was also positively correlated to insulin resistance. " 02/01/2013 - "A Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) is accompanied with several metabolic effects like adipose redistribution and insulin resistance. "