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Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

Also Known As:

Levothyroxine; Levothyroxine Sodium; Synthroid; LevoT; Euthyrox; Levo-T; Levothroid; Levoxyl; Novothyrox; Sodium Levothyroxine; Thyroxin; Unithroid; 3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine; Abbot Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Allphar Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Aventis Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Berlin-Chemie Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Berlthyrox; Byk Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Delalande Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Dexnon; Eferox; Eltroxin; Eltroxine; Eutirox; Forest Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Genpharm Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; GlaxoWellcome Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Goldshield Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Henning Berlin Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Hexal Brand 1 of Levothyroxine Sodium; Hexal Brand 2 of Levothyroxine Sodium; Kern Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; L-3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine; L-Thyrox; L-Thyroxin Henning; L-Thyroxin beta; L-Thyroxine Roche; Levothyroid; Levothyroxin Deladande; Levothyroxin Delalande; Levoxine; Lévothyrox; Merck Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Merck Lipha Santé Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Monarch Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Mova Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Nourypharma Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Novothyral; O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl) 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine; O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodotyrosine; Oroxine; Roche Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Rudefsa Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Sanofi Synthelabo Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Sigma Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Synthrox; Thevier; Thyrax; Tiroidine; Tiroxina Leo; Vortex Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Watson Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; betapharm Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Berlin Chemie Brand of Levothyroxine Sodium; Deladande, Levothyroxin; Delalande, Levothyroxin; L Thyrox; L Thyroxin Henning; L Thyroxin beta; L Thyroxine; L Thyroxine Roche; LThyroxin Henning; LThyroxin beta; Leo, Tiroxina; Levo T; Thyroid Hormone, T4; L-Thyroxine; T4 Thyroid Hormone; Tyrosine, O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-

Networked: 6964 relevant articles (261 outcomes, 696 trials/studies)

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Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Davis, Paul J: 15 articles (06/2015 - 07/2006)
2.	Miyauchi, Akira: 15 articles (01/2015 - 09/2002)
3.	Patanè, Salvatore: 15 articles (04/2012 - 05/2009)
4.	Marte, Filippo: 15 articles (04/2012 - 05/2009)
5.	Rodondi, Nicolas: 12 articles (05/2015 - 11/2005)
6.	Laurberg, Peter: 12 articles (12/2013 - 01/2005)
7.	Razvi, Salman: 11 articles (04/2015 - 07/2004)
8.	Amino, Nobuyuki: 11 articles (01/2015 - 10/2005)
9.	Bauer, Michael: 11 articles (02/2014 - 01/2002)
10.	Monzani, Fabio: 11 articles (01/2014 - 04/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Hypothyroidism 08/01/1982 - "Treatment with thyroxine resulted in a marked improvement of most of the clinical features of hypothyroidism and some improvement in cardiac function. " 10/01/2013 - "Daily administration of thyroxine has proven efficacy in treatment of children with hypothyroidism. " 01/01/2012 - "For both subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid auto-immunity, treatment with levothyroxine has not yet been proven to be effective in preventing complications during pregnancy. " 01/01/2010 - "Levothyroxine treatment had no effect on serum PON-1 activity and hs-CRP level, but it resulted in a significant reduction in carotid intima-media thickness in the subclinical hypothyroidism patients. " 10/01/2007 - "However, the subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism showed a significant reduction in hsCRP levels after levothyroxine. "
2.	Hyperthyroidism 02/01/2004 - "They have been used successfully to treat primary thyroidal hyperthyroidism and thyroxine overdose. " 06/01/1991 - "The administration of a dose of 131I selected by assessing the severity of the clinical signs, the size of the thyroid gland(s) and the serum level of thyroxine was an effective treatment for hyperthyroidism." 01/01/2012 - "Antioxidant and Protective Effects of Bupleurum falcatum on the L-Thyroxine-Induced Hyperthyroidism in Rats." 12/01/2003 - "The symptoms regressed in two of these patients without any specific treatment, one patient was treated with L thyroxin for hyperthyroidism without any improvement in the symptoms and one other patient had normal thyroid function. " 02/01/1998 - "The reduced bone mineral density associated with hyperthyroidism appears to be restored, maintained and in some cases possibly improved while on long-term thyroxine replacement post-radioiodine."
3.	Goiter 01/01/2008 - "Thus, our report supports previous findings that fetal goiter can be treated successfully with intra-amniotic injection of levothyroxine.More" 09/01/1991 - "Our study demonstrates that L-thyroxine treatment is effective in reducing goiter size in the majority of children with a diffuse goiter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 05/01/2006 - "Levothyroxine treatment is effective in reducing thyroid volume in pediatric patients and is suggested in treatment of goiter caused by AIT, especially in cases of hypothyroid, but also in euthyroid children." 11/01/1992 - "In conclusion suppressive thyroxine treatment is effective in reducing the goiter, nodules instead are only in part sensitive to the treatment. " 01/01/1992 - "This case suggests that cordocentesis is a reliable method to assess the fetal thyroid status; moreover a single injection of intra-amniotic thyroxine was effective in treating fetal hypothyroid goiter."
4.	Thyroid Nodule (Nodule, Thyroid) 11/01/2002 - "Low- and high-level TSH suppression were equally effective in reducing nodule volume and thus, considering the complications of high-level TSH suppression, low-level TSH suppression should be used if one considers levothyroxine suppressive therapy to reduce thyroid nodule size." 06/01/1993 - "These preliminary results prove PEI to be an effective and safe technique to treat thyroid nodules and to make a valuable alternative to surgery and L-thyroxine." 03/01/1994 - "These preliminary results suggest that PEI is an effective and safe therapy that may be useful in the treatment of thyroid nodules as an alternative to other therapies (surgery, L-thyroxine)." 04/01/2010 - "The present work aims to study the efficacy of thyroxine suppression in the management of benign thyroid nodules. " 02/01/2000 - "The aim of this study was to review all published randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of suppressive therapy with levothyroxine for solitary thyroid nodules. "
5.	Thyroid Neoplasms (Thyroid Cancer) 10/01/2014 - "The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in the thyroid axis setpoint after long-term suppressive levothyroxine therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma and the resulting changes in levothyroxine requirement. " 12/01/2009 - "In the present investigation, to confirm normal foetal growth and foetal thyroid development, an ultrasound study of the foetal thyroid was performed in 40 full term pregnancies in 32 women receiving levothyroxine treatment for previously treated thyroid cancer. " 09/01/2008 - "Sixty-six patients, 22 pre-menopausal women, 33 post-menopausal women and 11 men, who had received iodine-131 ((131)I) ablation postoperatively for well differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) and were treated for a long term with levothyroxine (T(4)), entered the study and were compared with sixty-six healthy controls individually matched to the patients for age, gender and menopausal status. " 12/01/2006 - "Twenty-five subjects with a history of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with > 10 years TSH-suppressive therapy with l-thyroxine completed the study. " 03/01/2006 - "Twenty-four subjects with a history of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with > 10 years TSH-suppressive therapy with L-thyroxine completed the study. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Triiodothyronine (Liothyronine)
2.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
3.	Methimazole (Thiamazole)
4.	Hormones
5.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)
6.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)
7.	Iodine
8.	Antibodies
9.	Thyroglobulin
10.	Thyrotropin Receptors (Thyrotropin Receptor)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
2.	Thyroidectomy
3.	Radiotherapy
4.	Injections
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)