Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

Seizures caused by psychological factors without electrophysiological epileptic changes.

Also Known As:

Dissociative Seizure; Nonepileptic Seizure, Psychogenic; Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizure; Psychogenic Pseudoseizures; Seizure, Dissociative; Seizure, Psychogenic Nonepileptic; Dissociative Seizures; Psychogenic Pseudoseizure

Networked: 69 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 17 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Seizures (Absence Seizure)
2.	Vasovagal Syncope
3.	Epilepsy (Aura)
4.	Syncope (Fainting)
5.	Febrile Seizures (Febrile Seizure)

Experts

1.	Reuber, Markus: 11 articles (03/2022 - 07/2010)
2.	Stone, Jon: 7 articles (03/2022 - 01/2015)
3.	Goldstein, Laura H: 6 articles (03/2022 - 10/2019)
4.	Carson, Alan: 5 articles (03/2022 - 11/2019)
5.	Chalder, Trudie: 5 articles (03/2022 - 11/2019)
6.	Robinson, Emily J: 5 articles (03/2022 - 11/2019)
7.	Perdue, Iain: 5 articles (01/2021 - 10/2019)
8.	Landau, Sabine: 4 articles (03/2022 - 11/2019)
9.	Medford, Nick: 4 articles (03/2022 - 11/2019)
10.	Moore, Michele: 4 articles (03/2022 - 11/2019)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures:

1.	Creatine Kinase (Creatine Phosphokinase)IBA 07/01/2009 - "Serum creatine phosphokinase is helpful in distinguishing generalized tonic-clonic seizures from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and vasovagal syncope." 10/01/2017 - "Review of literature revealed very limited studies considering a combination of serum prolactin (PRL) and serum creatine kinase (CK) as markers for differentiating epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). "
2.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 02/01/2016 - "Biomarkers in the diagnosis and study of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A systematic review." 10/01/2023 - "Heart rate and autonomic biomarkers distinguish convulsive epileptic vs. functional or dissociative seizures." 01/01/2015 - "Autonomic changes in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: toward a potential diagnostic biomarker?" 12/01/2011 - "We wanted to explore the potential of various HRV metrics (VLF, LF, HF, SDNN, RMSSD, cardiovagal index, cardiosympathetic index, approximate entropy) as biomarkers in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). " 12/01/2011 - "Heart rate variability measures as biomarkers in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: potential and limitations."
3.	ProlactinIBA 09/13/2005 - "For the differentiation of epileptic seizures from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, one Class I and seven Class II studies showed that elevated serum prolactin was highly predictive of either generalized tonic-clonic or complex partial seizures. " 01/01/2006 - "Elevated prolactin levels 10-20 min. after the event help in differentiating generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. " 04/01/2016 - "This is a retrospective study to determine the usefulness of serum prolactin levels in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) for distinguishing psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) from epileptic seizures (ES). " 10/01/2017 - "Review of literature revealed very limited studies considering a combination of serum prolactin (PRL) and serum creatine kinase (CK) as markers for differentiating epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). " 09/13/2005 - "Elevated serum prolactin assay, when measured in the appropriate clinical setting at 10 to 20 minutes after a suspected event, is a useful adjunct for the differentiation of generalized tonic-clonic or complex partial seizure from psychogenic nonepileptic seizure among adults and older children (Level B). "
4.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2009 - "Previous studies have provided evidence for a vigilant attentional bias toward threat stimuli and increased basal diurnal cortisol levels in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). " 11/01/2009 - "Basal cortisol is positively correlated to threat vigilance in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 05/01/2010 - "Several studies have indicated that psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are associated with psychological trauma, but only a few studies have examined the associations with neurobiologic stress systems, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its end-product cortisol. "
5.	Anticonvulsants (Antiepileptic Drugs)IBA 01/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of antiepileptic drug (AED) use in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and to characterize the patients' historical risk factors that may be associated with such a practice. " 01/01/2019 - "Risk factors for the use of antiepileptic drugs in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 05/01/2016 - "Patients had to be treated with at least one anticonvulsant and could not have had documented psychogenic pseudoseizure. " 12/01/2014 - "Women, patients with an inadequate primary support group, and patients who had tried many antiepileptic drugs were most likely to have their diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures delayed by >2 years after onset. " 12/01/2014 - "Psychosocial factors and antiepileptic drug use related to delayed diagnosis of refractory psychogenic nonepileptic seizures."
6.	Lactic Acid (Lactate)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2023 - "Development and validation of a peripheral cell ratio and lactate score for differentiating status epilepticus from prolonged psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 11/01/2022 - "Other outcomes were the differences in serum lactate levels among patients with other types of TLOC, such as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), syncope, and non-GTCS. " 01/01/2022 - "Prehospital capillary lactate in children differentiates epileptic seizure from febrile seizure, syncope, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizure." 10/01/2017 - "Clinical utility of serum lactate levels for differential diagnosis of generalized tonic-clonic seizures from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and syncope." 01/01/2022 - "The aim of the study was to examine prehospital capillary lactate in children as a diagnostic biomarker to differentiate epileptic seizures from febrile seizures, syncope, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). "
7.	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)IBA 05/17/2011 - "Decreased serum BDNF levels in patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 05/17/2011 - "Decreased serum BDNF levels in patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 10/05/2010 - "We hypothesized that BDNF would differentiate between ES and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). " 10/05/2010 - "Decreased serum BDNF levels in patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures."
8.	Indicators and Reagents (Reagents)IBA 03/20/2007 - "Ictal eye closure is a reliable indicator for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 06/13/2006 - "Using data from video-EEG monitoring, the authors studied whether ictal eye closure was a reliable indicator of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). " 06/13/2006 - "Ictal eye closure is a reliable indicator for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 01/01/2010 - "Using 184 subjects with valid personality assessment interview (PAI) profiles and video-electroencephalography (VEEG)-confirmed diagnoses of epileptic seizures (ES; n = 109) or psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES; n = 75), we present the diagnostic test performance of the PAI PNES Indicator and other PAI scales when used to differentiate PNES from ES. "
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2021 - "To develop a diagnostic test that stratifies epileptic seizures (ES) from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) by developing a multimodal algorithm that integrates plasma concentrations of selected immune response-associated proteins and patient clinical risk factors for seizure. " 05/01/2021 - "A series of autoantibodies directed against neuronal surface (NS) or synaptic proteins play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of post-herpes simplex encephalitis (post-HSE), overlapping autoimmune encephalitis and demyelinating syndrome, epileptic seizures, psychosis, involuntary movements (orofacial and limb dyskinesias, catatonia, dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, and faciobrachial dystonic seizures), postpartum psychosis, stiff-person spectrum disorder (including progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus [PERM]), cerebellar ataxia, and sleep behavior disorders. "
10.	Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Receptors (Nuclear Receptors)IBA 12/01/2023 - "We investigated the association between the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, also known as the nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), rs41423247 polymorphism, and functional seizures (psychogenic nonepileptic seizures/attacks) in a case-control study. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2022 - "Sustained improvement with mindfulness-based therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 01/01/2020 - "Mindfulness-based therapies (MBTs) are effective in many neuropsychiatric disorders, and represent a potential therapeutic strategy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). " 01/01/2022 - "We previously reported on the efficacy of a manualized 12-session mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). " 03/01/2022 - "Six-month outcomes of the CODES randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for dissociative seizures: A secondary analysis." 01/01/2022 - "We explored moderators of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) treatment effects and predictors of outcome at 12-month follow-up in the CODES Trial (N = 368) comparing CBT plus standardised medical care (SMC) vs SMC-alone for dissociative seizures (DS). "
2.	Wearable Electronic Devices 01/01/2016 - "Automatic Detection and Classification of Convulsive Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures Using a Wearable Device." 01/01/2022 - "This study was undertaken to review the reported performance of noninvasive wearable devices in detecting epileptic seizures and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). "
3.	Vagus Nerve Stimulation 01/01/2021 - "With regard to potential autonomic dysregulation in the mixed cases, it might be interesting to see if vagus nerve stimulation could be accompanied by normalization of cardiovascular physiology parameters for people with both epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures." 01/01/2017 - "An analysis of quality of life (QOL) in patients with epilepsy and comorbid psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) after vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)."
4.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 01/05/2023 - "Right temporoparietal junction transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of functional dissociative seizures: a case series."
5.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 11/01/2018 - "Right Temporoparietal Junction Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: A Case Series."