Azotemia

A biochemical abnormality referring to an elevation of BLOOD UREA NITROGEN and CREATININE. Azotemia can be produced by KIDNEY DISEASES or other extrarenal disorders. When azotemia becomes associated with a constellation of clinical signs, it is termed UREMIA.

Networked: 916 relevant articles (49 outcomes, 40 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hypercalcemia (Milk Alkali Syndrome)
2.	Hydronephrosis
3.	Proteinuria
4.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
5.	Hyperkalemia

Experts

1.	Vaziri, Nosratola D: 13 articles (08/2013 - 11/2005)
2.	Elliott, J: 6 articles (05/2015 - 07/2009)
3.	Syme, H M: 6 articles (05/2015 - 07/2009)
4.	Kim, Hyun Ju: 5 articles (06/2011 - 06/2009)
5.	Zager, Richard A: 4 articles (10/2014 - 07/2003)
6.	Elliott, Jonathan: 4 articles (02/2013 - 02/2010)
7.	Syme, Harriet M: 4 articles (02/2013 - 02/2010)
8.	Yuan, Jun: 4 articles (01/2013 - 06/2009)
9.	Aronson, Lillian R: 4 articles (02/2012 - 10/2002)
10.	Johnson, Ali C M: 3 articles (10/2014 - 07/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Azotemia:

1.	CreatinineIBA 10/01/1976 - "In addition, the patients with mild azotemia had an improvement in renal function as determined by a reduction in serum creatinine. " 02/01/2001 - "The study end-point was recovery of renal function that was defined as a level of serum creatinine <or= 116 micromol/L in the azotemia patients or a 50% reduction of serum creatinine and discontinuation of dialysis in the uremic patients. " 11/01/1999 - "Data from these studies indicate that self-perpetuated renal injury is initiated when mild azotemia is induced (plasma creatinine concentration = 2 to 4 mg/dL). " 01/01/1998 - "A similar pattern of falling BUN and creatinine was seen in the 31 subjects who began the study with mild azotemia. " 03/01/2015 - "Laboratory testing demonstrated macro- and microhematuria, azotemia, and an increased urine protein:creatinine ratio. "
2.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1956 - "[Diagnostic value of azotemia and of the clearance of urea in the chronic nephropathies; compared with glomerular filtration]." 04/01/1956 - "[Relation of oxygen consumption to azotemia and clearance of urea; illustration of clinical application of this relationship]." 05/01/2010 - "Here, we studied three family members with familial azotemia, a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by high plasma urea resulting from impaired urinary excretion but normal renal function otherwise. " 11/01/1994 - "The use of continuous hemodiafiltration (CHD) permitted full control of azotemia in all patients (mean steady-state urea concentration: 19.8 mmol/L) and was associated with rapid control of acidemia (mean pretreatment pH: 7.27; mean ph after 24-h treatment: 7.35; p < .001). " 06/01/1992 - "The increase in urea is not paralleled by a loss of protein in urine, suggesting that the possible cause of azotemia may not always be renal pathology. "
3.	Uric Acid (Urate)IBA 07/01/1990 - "Dialysis therapy may be required both to correct azotemia and to reduce the body burden of urate. " 01/01/1990 - "Decreased fractional excretion of urate as an indicator of prerenal azotemia." 07/01/2011 - "Thirty days after chemotherapy we observed a significant difference in azotemia of 0.0 mg/dl vs. 3.8 mg/dl (p<0.001), serum uric acid of 0.05 mg/dl vs. 0.49 mg/dl (p<0.001), urinary uric acid (p<0.001) of 23 mg/24 h vs. 0.0 mg/24 h, GFR of 2 ml/min/1.73 m(2) vs. -8 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (p<0.05) and systolic BP (SBP) of 3.6 mmHg vs. 0.8 mmHg (p<0.05). " 01/01/2010 - "It has been known that the cause of acute renal failure is renal azotemia resulting from sustained hypovolemia, but post-renal causes due to ammonium acid urate stones should be taken into consideration." 05/01/1999 - "The diagnostic usefulness of measuring serum urate levels and fractional excretions of urate in SIADH, incipient diabetic nephropathy, and prerenal azotemia have been reviewed. "
4.	CalciumIBA 11/15/2012 - "Plasma PTH concentration was significantly increased in cats that developed azotemia, compared with PTH concentration in cats that remained nonazotemic, and PTH concentration increased before changes in plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations were detected. " 05/01/1984 - "Normal hemochrome, urine tests, azotemia, blood calcium levels, alkaline phosphate, aminoaciduria and lipidogram values were found. " 11/01/1982 - "Response to therapy did not appear to be influenced by age, breed, sex, initial calcium concentration, degree of azotemia, or histologic classification." 10/01/1991 - "Of 118 consecutive white patients referred for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism, the diagnosis was clinically confirmed in 100, of whom 85 adults had a serum calcium less than 3.0 mM (12 mg/dl) and no skeletal, rheumatic, or significant neuropsychiatric symptoms, azotemia, or other significant illnesses. " 03/01/2012 - "Complete blood cell counts, serum chemistries, and urinalyses remained relatively unchanged until 24 mo after diagnosis, at which time azotemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypercalcemia (including elevated ionized calcium) developed. "
5.	Dietary ProteinsIBA 03/31/1994 - "The role of dietary protein restriction in progressive azotemia." 11/01/1983 - "In those subjected to dietary protein restriction, proteinuria remitted and azotemia did not develop. " 09/01/1986 - "This may be precipitated by azotemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, hypokalemic alkalosis, excess dietary protein, or the use of sedative, tranquilizer, or analgesic medications. " 06/01/1996 - "NH4Cl, K+ restriction, and increased dietary protein each caused greater kidney enlargement in males (kidney weight/body weight ratios increased by 35%, 78%, and 105%, respectively) and worsened azotemia in males (serum urea nitrogen values increased by 63%, 514%, and 224%, respectively); in contrast, decreased dietary protein (4%) caused less severe PKD in males (kidney weight/body weight ratios decreased by 43%) and lessened azotemia in males (serum urea nitrogen values decreased by 49%). " 10/01/1997 - "Treatment with a dietary protein restriction, oral adsorbents, and dried aluminum hydroxide gel have been performed in this dog, and then, azotemia, high serum creatinine level, hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia were improved. "
6.	Furosemide (Lasix)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1977 - "Depression of renal clearance of furosemide in man by azotemia." 07/15/2008 - "Three crias with inadequate urine production and severe azotemia were treated with furosemide administered i.v. as a bolus or as a constant-rate infusion. " 03/01/2004 - "In summary, this report illustrates the rationale for increasing the dose of furosemide in patients with azotemia referred for diuresis renography and shows how increasing the dose of furosemide could improve the diuretic response and minimize false-positive or indeterminate results." 03/01/2004 - "Diuresis renography is widely used to distinguish obstructed from nonobstructed kidneys; however, the delivery of furosemide to its site of action in the loop of Henle is impaired in patients with azotemia. " 03/01/2004 - "Increasing the dose of furosemide in patients with azotemia and suspected obstruction."
7.	EnzymesIBA 01/01/1997 - "A significant reduction in the muscle weights and total protein, as well as hyperglycemia, azotemia, and abnormal liver enzymes was also seen in ENT + TNF rats compared with ENT rats. " 01/01/2003 - "Common biochemical abnormalities were hyperglycemia, azotemia, and abnormally high serum concentrations of muscle enzymes. " 01/01/1988 - "Elevation in levels of hepatic enzymes occurred in 1.8%-2.5% of the patients, azotemia in 0.2%-1.3%, and eosinophilia in 0.2%-2.0%. " 12/01/1992 - "Treatment with converting enzymes was discarded due to the risk of azotemia and the complex vascular disease advised against percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. " 04/01/1986 - " Every 4 months they were given colpocytologic and urine tests, screening for coagulation, glycemia, azotemia, hepatic enzymes, etc. Results showed the IUD causing hyperpolymenorrhea (69.8%), intermenstrual spotting, pelvic algae and dysmenorrhea. "
8.	Glycerol (Glycerine)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2010 - "However, it conferred marked protection against the glycerol model of ARF (halving azotemia). " 07/01/2003 - "Glycerol evoked marked azotemia and striking FC/CE increments (44%, 384%, respectively). " 01/01/1982 - "Water-drinking rats developed severe azotemia (BUN 115 +/- 6 mg/dl; 41 +/- 2 mmol/l) 24 h after 50% glycerol i.m. " 05/01/1992 - "A 75-min infusion of ANP significantly lessened the degree of azotemia as well as the extent of renal histologic damage assessed 24 hours after the glycerol injection. " 11/01/1981 - "Two weeks following ARF induced with 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg, im), azotemia had reversed and the nephrotoxic effect of mercuric chloride (4.7 mg/kg, sc) was blunted, as anticipated. "
9.	TeaIBA 04/01/1976 - "Thus, TEA is superior to PAH for evaluation of the renal circulation in azotemia." 04/01/1976 - "Effects of azotemia on renal extraction and clearance of PAH and TEA." 02/01/1977 - "Thus, by using a constant-infusion technique we demonstrated that the renal clearance of furosemide is depressed by azotemia in man and that there was greater depression with furosemide than with TEA."
10.	SodiumIBA 09/01/2011 - "The present article also discusses the role of arterial underfilling in causing prerenal azotemia in the presence of an increase in total body sodium and extracellular fluid expansion. " 01/01/2010 - "Multiple clinical variables were analyzed to determine variables responsible for the differences between the FeUrea and fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) in the ability to distinguish pre-renal azotemia from intrinsic renal disease. " 01/01/1994 - "The early distinction between prerenal azotemia, characterized by an avid proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, and ATN, in which proximal tubule function is depressed, remains an important but difficult clinical task. " 12/30/1986 - "The nine athletes drank "Amorosa" oligo mineral water for three weeks and various haematochemical parameters (such as uricaemia, creatinemia, azotemia, sodium content) both before and after the retreat, have been evaluated. " 07/01/1981 - "Increased fractional excretion of sodium in prerenal azotemia: need for careful interpretation."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 10/01/2015 - "He had azotemia and required hemodialysis. " 10/01/2013 - "Prerenal azotemia developed due to massive tissue damage and patient was sent to hemodialysis twice." 04/01/2010 - "As a result of progressive azotemia, hemodialysis was performed. " 05/01/2008 - "In patients treated with conventional intermittent hemodialysis, achieving adequate amino acid intake can be limited by azotemia and fluid restriction. " 01/01/2007 - "The dynamics of brain-water content associated with hemodialysis in patients with severe azotemia remains obscure. "
2.	Stents 01/15/2009 - "The cat was euthanized 1 month after stent placement because of progressive azotemia. " 01/01/2001 - "From October 1993 to November 1999, 30 stents were placed in the renal arteries of 27 patients (mean age 72+/-8 years) with a solitary functioning kidney and azotemia. " 06/01/2005 - "Case report: Azotemia secondary to bilateral ureteral kinking from ureteral stents placed at the time of bladder exstrophy closure." 01/01/1998 - "Three patients experienced flank pain and 1 had persistent azotemia within 3 days of initial stent placement. " 08/01/1996 - "Percutaneous renal artery stent placement for hypertension and azotemia: pilot study."
3.	Catheters 10/01/1993 - "The surgery to induce azotemia was performed on the dogs, a disk catheter for drainage was placed between the liver and diaphragm, and a straight catheter for infusion was placed on the abdominal side of the bladder. " 04/01/1983 - "Prerenal azotemia due to volume depletion was not present as adequate central filling pressures were maintained with a Swan-Ganz catheter. " 10/01/1984 - "While changes in catheter and guide wire technology have allowed for marked enhancement of the indications for percutaneous nephrostomy, the classic indications remain, such as decompression in patients with urosepsis and azotemia, especially with concomitant medical problems that require time to bring under control." 11/01/2003 - "Sixty-five (90%) of 72 patients experienced improvement in the pain score and/or analgesic use, urinary obstruction, urinary catheter removal, hydronephrosis, and/or azotemia. " 05/01/1991 - "Outstanding problems perceived are--high incidence of TPN-related cholestasis (14.7%), azotemia (26.4%), central catheter-related sepsis (75.0%) and the falling, but yet high cost of the technique (Rs. "
4.	Renal Replacement Therapy (Therapies, Renal Replacement) 05/01/2008 - "With the use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), however, better control of azotemia and liberalization of fluid intake allow amino acid intake to be maximized to support the patient's metabolic needs. " 01/01/2005 - "CRRT provides better control of azotemia while preserving hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. " 01/01/2002 - "The development and increasing application of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has removed such concerns, because control of azotemia and fluid balance can be predictably and reliably achieved in all patients. " 05/01/1990 - "Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration is a form of renal replacement therapy whereby small molecular weight solutes and water are removed from the blood via convection, alleviating fluid overload and, to a degree, azotemia. " 03/01/1999 - "Changing the form of renal replacement therapy from intermittent hemodialysis to continuous hemofiltration is associated with improved control of azotemia. "
5.	Protein-Restricted Diet (Diet, Protein Restricted) 10/01/1993 - "M under a 22% protein diet.1) Infusion of MRX-III or the other solutions under a low protein diet prolonged survival time and improved the uremic status indicated by azotemia, polyuria, albuminuria, hypocalcemia and hypertension. " 01/01/1977 - "Furthermore, 15N-labelled urea was injected into a nephrotic adult and a glomerulonephritic adult, both advanced in azotemia and treated on low protein diet, and a normal subject on a normal diet, to examine the amounts of 15N incorporation into serum albumin. "