Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

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Networked: 98788 relevant articles (4997 outcomes, 13739 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Heart Failure
2.	Stroke (Strokes)
3.	Obesity
4.	Diabetes Mellitus
5.	Cardiovascular Diseases (Cardiovascular Disease)

Experts

1.	Devereux, Richard B: 133 articles (11/2015 - 02/2002)
2.	Dahlöf, Björn: 124 articles (11/2015 - 02/2002)
3.	Oparil, Suzanne: 110 articles (01/2016 - 02/2002)
4.	Kjeldsen, Sverre E: 110 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Schiffrin, Ernesto L: 107 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
6.	Schmieder, Roland E: 102 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Touyz, Rhian M: 100 articles (09/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Böhm, Michael: 93 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
9.	Johnson, Richard J: 92 articles (01/2016 - 02/2002)
10.	Bakris, George L: 92 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypertension:

1.	Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2010 - "Study results demonstrate that OM ± hydrochlorothiazide is highly effective in reducing BP while enabling a majority of patients with stage 1 hypertension to achieve BP goal. " 11/01/2009 - "Aml 10 mg/Val 320 mg/HCTZ 25 mg triple therapy is highly effective in reducing BP compared with dual components early in therapy, and systolic BP-lowering effects were proportionate to hypertension severity." 10/01/2012 - "Adding HCTZ to a range of OLM/AML dose combinations is well tolerated and improved BP control by significantly lowering DBP and SBP and significantly increasing BP threshold achievement in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension. " 01/01/2015 - "The aim of this MAPPY study sub-analysis was to determine whether Los/HCTZ was effective for controlling isolated morning hypertension (morning BP ≥ 135/85 mmHg and evening BP < 135/85 mmHg), sustained hypertension (morning and evening BP ≥ 135/85 mmHg), or both. " 07/01/2013 - "Direct and indirect evidence demonstrates that CTDN is superior to HCTZ in reducing CVEs and is congruent with the recent changes in the guidelines for hypertension management."
2.	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)IBA 03/01/2000 - "Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors the best treatment for hypertension in type 2 diabetes?" 09/01/2006 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to provide excellent organ protection in hypertension, and may show dose-dependent protective effects. " 08/01/2001 - "Inasmuch as AT1 receptor antagonists have proven themselves the equals of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors with respect to antihypertensive efficacy, but demonstrated better safety profiles, this class of drugs may be considered to be a qualitative improvement in the treatment of essential hypertension. " 01/01/1997 - "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I) have been very effective in treating hypertension. " 04/01/1990 - "The ACE inhibitors are assuming a dominant role in our therapeutic armamentarium, in that they are well-tolerated and very effective in the treatment of mild, moderate or severe hypertension."
3.	Antihypertensive Agents (Antihypertensives)IBA 10/01/2003 - "We conclude that the combination of event reduction from large-scale clinical trials, adequate 24 h BP reduction, and improved tolerability compared to most other classes of anti-hypertensive agents, make the ARBs a suitable initial treatment for patients with hypertension." 03/01/2015 - "Subgroup analysis showed that patients with resistant hypertension or receiving antihypertensive drugs benefited most from CPAP. " 03/01/2014 - "Additionally, their ability to increase the efficacy of nearly all other classes of antihypertensives makes them a highly versatile therapeutic intervention in the treatment of hypertension." 10/01/2012 - "Despite major advances in understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension and availability of effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, suboptimal blood pressure (BP) control is still the most important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and is globally responsible for more than 7 million deaths annually. " 08/18/2007 - "Despite the availability of effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, hypertension and its concomitant risk factors remain uncontrolled in most patients."
4.	CalciumIBA 11/01/2001 - "Specifically, in the Systolic Hypertension in Europe study, compared with placebo, a calcium antagonist dramatically reduced cardiovascular (CV) events in elderly diabetics. " 11/12/1998 - "If the results of the FACET and ABCD studies are considered in the context of the best available data arising from large randomized controlled trials, one may conclude that calcium antagonists are not harmful or contraindicated in hypertensive patients with diabetes and that the combination of an ACE inhibitor and a calcium antagonist is effective for the management of hypertension in diabetic patients." 02/01/2010 - "Medical treatment essentially calcium blockers improved hypertension in most cases. " 09/01/1995 - "All calcium antagonists have been shown to be effective in hypertension and most have a protective effect on the target organs. " 03/01/2002 - "Calcium antagonists represent an important group of drugs for the treatment of hypertension; they are effective in the whole range of severity of the disease. "
5.	Amlodipine (Norvasc)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2011 - "In this open-label, single-arm switch study reflecting clinical practice, patients with moderate hypertension not controlled by the free combination of CAN 32 + HCT 25 achieved a clinically and statistically significant reduction of blood pressure from the single pill combination of ALIS 300/HCT 25, and the optional addition of amlodipine." 09/01/2007 - "The clinical efficacy of amlodipine in improving hemodynamic variables and reducing cardiovascular events in isolated systolic hypertension could be explained by its beneficial effect on vascular calcification. " 12/01/2000 - "Once-daily amlodipine was effective in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in this patient population and demonstrated a low frequency of adverse events, a high degree of tolerability, and improved well-being. " 11/01/1996 - "Amlodipine has a beneficial effect on LVH and also is an effective and safe drug to treat mild to moderate hypertension." 05/01/2013 - "This study showed that an OA FDC is more effective than DA in reducing SBP for mild to moderate hypertension after the failure of amlodipine monotherapy."
6.	Nifedipine (Adalat)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1998 - "The results obtained show that Adalat in dosage 60 mg daily during 7 days is most effective in cases with concomitant border-line hypertension. " 01/01/1991 - "Nifedipine turned out most effective in patients of functional class II with arterial hypertension." 01/01/2007 - "The dose-dependent increased efficacy and the markedly improved safety profile of bedtime as compared to morning administration of nifedipine GITS should be taken into account when prescribing this CCB in the treatment of essential hypertension." 10/01/2015 - "Long-term safety and efficacy of high-dose controlled-release nifedipine (80 mg per day) in Japanese patients with essential hypertension." 12/01/1987 - "In hypertension a similar antihypertensive effect to nifedipine has been found, while a significantly greater lowering of blood pressure was seen than that obtained with a diuretic. "
7.	Captopril (Capoten)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1991 - "The largest and best known study, of 625 white men with mild hypertension, reported that patients given captopril showed a significant improvement after 6 months in general well-being, work performance, and those skills associated with cognitive function. " 02/01/1993 - "Thus, of the drugs tested, captopril appears to be the best option as third drug in hypertension." 10/01/1987 - "The ACE inhibitor captopril was most effective in the control of hypertension. " 01/01/1986 - "These data suggest that captopril is highly effective for blood pressure control and that the neurohormonal responses to the drug probably provide additional benefits for long-term therapy in hypertension." 06/01/1981 - "Captopril was helpful in the management of refractory hypertension in most cases."
8.	ReninIBA 11/01/1985 - "Hypertension was cured dramatically and plasma renin activity was within the normal range after the operation. " 11/01/1980 - "Patients with renin-dependent hypertension had dramatic reduction in blood pressure in most instances; 90% were cured or improved. " 09/26/2014 - "Despite lower circulating renin levels and a less significant fall in blood pressure in response to RAS inhibitors in African Americans, numerous clinical trials support the efficacy of RAS inhibitors to improve clinical outcomes in this population, especially in those with hypertension and risk factors for cardiovascular and related diseases. " 12/01/1989 - "Clinical studies have proved their efficacy, safety, and good tolerability alone or in combination with other drugs in uncomplicated hypertension in which they are particularly effective in older, low renin, and possibly, black patients. " 01/01/1988 - "Clinical studies have proved their efficacy, safety, and good tolerability alone or in combination with other drugs in uncomplicated hypertension where they are particularly effective in older and low-renin and possibly black patients. "
9.	Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)IBA 05/01/2013 - "Hypertension control is important; a thiazide or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor might be the best first-line treatment. " 11/01/2003 - "Combination therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and a diuretic has been shown to be highly effective in hypertension. " 01/01/2001 - "The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease has long been recognized, and the interruption of this cascade with angiotensin-converting enzyme-I has been beneficial in the management of hypertension. " 12/19/1985 - "Long-term studies are needed to find out whether this angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is superior to a diuretic as initial treatment of arterial hypertension." 11/01/1989 - "These findings suggested that urinary excretion of GAA may be a more sensitive marker than AER, BMG or NAG in hypertension and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and Ca entry blocker can be useful in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension with renal damage."
10.	EnalaprilFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1993 - "Enalapril and high-dose DuP were almost equally effective in controlling systemic hypertension. " 06/01/1986 - "In group 2 rats, treatment with enalapril prevented systemic hypertension and maintained delta P at near-normal levels without significant reduction in SNGFR and QA. " 12/01/1984 - "In conclusion, enalapril monotherapy reduces blood pressure in two-thirds of patients with moderately severe essential hypertension at rest and during exercise, associated with a significant reduction in TPRI. " 10/01/1982 - "From these results it is concluded that MK 421 is a strong and long-acting antihypertensive drug and its clinical application seems very useful for the treatment of hypertension." 01/01/1985 - "Multiclinic controlled studies have shown that enalapril alone 10 to 40 mg/day orally is effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/2014 - "Complex drug therapy is effective in most of the patients with severe and resistant hypertension, but there are certain individuals who may be refractory to multiple-drug regimens or have adverse effects that make adherence to the regimen difficult. " 01/01/2005 - "Although single drug therapy is effective in treating hypertension, most patients will require combination drug treatment. " 01/01/2002 - "Single-drug therapy, even when maximally titrated, is at best only modestly effective in normalising BP in Stage-I or II hypertension, which represents the majority of the hypertensive population. " 12/14/1996 - "A complete assessment based on medical results and cost effectiveness will undoubtedly confirm the usefulness of two-drug therapies as first line treatment for moderate hypertension." 01/01/2014 - "In adults with diabetes and coexistent hypertension, we observed significantly greater hospitalizations and lower costs for the non antihypertensive pharmacotherapy group versus those using antihypertensive medications. "
2.	Denervation 05/01/2013 - "Experimental and clinical studies suggest that renal denervation therapy is an effective and safe treatment for patients with therapy-resistant hypertension leading to a reduction in blood pressure and in systemic and renal sympathetic nervous activation, which plays an important role in the development, progression and prognosis of arterial hypertension. " 03/01/2014 - "The authors found that the percutaneous renal nerve denervation was very effective in blood pressure reduction in these first four cases of Thai patients with resistant hypertension." 12/01/2012 - "These indications may have important implications not only from a clinical point of view, but also from an economic point of view, since a proper identification of patients with true resistant hypertension and an accurate selection of patients suitable for the procedure of renal denervation can contribute to an improved control of blood pressure, and thus a reduced risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications in these patients." 01/01/2015 - "Recently published results of Symplicity-III trial (HTN-3), the first blinded, randomized, multicenter study on the efficacy of renal denervation for the treatment of resistant hypertension did not show a significant reduction of BP in patients with resistant hypertension 6 months after renal-artery denervation, as compared with controls. " 01/01/2011 - "The entire procedure lasts about 40 min. In early clinical trials, the systolic blood pressure in 87% of patients who underwent the denervation procedure resulted in an average blood pressure drop of greater than 10 mm Hg. The procedure has no systematic side effects, and appears to be beneficial in the management of hypertension in patients refractory to pharmacological therapy."
3.	Nephrectomy 06/01/2000 - "After the control of arterial hypertension by nephrectomy, the patient had a complete remission of the symptoms, as well as the images anomalies." 10/15/1948 - "Marked hypertension in a child relieved by nephrectomy." 01/01/2009 - "Although there is some evidence to suggest nephrectomy is beneficial in treating hypertension in these patients (the patient in our case was on two anti hypertensive preparations), the patient did not want to consider surgery as her symptoms had settled spontaneously. " 12/01/1979 - "We believe these results indicate that despite the presence of severe renovascular disease, the affected kidney can be preserved and hypertension successfully relieved by a direct surgical approach without recourse to either nephrectomy or ex vivo reconstruction." 03/26/1977 - "Surgical treatment gives good results and our own case clearly indicates the immediate and definitive relief of hypertension by nephrectomy. "
4.	Angioplasty (Angioplasty, Transluminal) 01/01/2007 - "The arterial dilatation through angioplasty of the accessory artery improved dramatically the control of his hypertension." 06/01/2010 - "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has long been considered the mainstay of therapy and offers high rates of improved or cured hypertension. " 11/01/2003 - "Successful angioplasty commonly results in improved control of hypertension, but an overall benefit on renal function and/or patient survival has not been shown. " 09/01/2001 - "A 13-year-old girl who recently developed hypertension was diagnosed to have an occluded right renal branch artery and was treated successfully with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). " 05/01/1993 - "Following successful angioplasty there was significant improvement in hypertension (p < 0.001) within 48 hours. "
5.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/1986 - "These findings imply that pretransplant disturbances in LV function are related more to factors such as hypertension, volume overload and uraemia than to diabetes per se because no pronounced improvement in the metabolic disorder resulting from diabetes can be expected, even after the most successful transplant. " 11/01/1998 - "Aorta-aortic bypass graft surgery was carried out successfully and hypertension remarkably improved. " 11/01/1988 - "Venous hypertension was significantly reduced by CFB (group II, p less than 0.025; group VI, p less than 0.001); increasing the diameter of the bypass conduit from 3 to 6 mm produced significantly greater graft flow (p less than 0.05), while completely relieving venous hypertension. " 06/27/2009 - "ABPM improved the diagnostic accuracy of arterial hypertension in RTRs and was the only effective tool in disclosing the association of BP with 1-year renal transplant outcome." 01/01/2004 - "A second renal transplant study, in adults, demonstrated similar rejection rates of 25% with improvement in post-transplant hypertension and lipid profiles. "