Leukostasis

Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.

Also Known As:

Networked: 241 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 28 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Diabetic Retinopathy (Retinopathy, Diabetic)
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
3.	Inflammation
4.	Leukemia
5.	Thrombosis (Thrombus)

Experts

1.	Kern, Timothy S: 15 articles (01/2015 - 09/2004)
2.	Du, Yunpeng: 8 articles (01/2015 - 02/2007)
3.	Hu, Yang: 7 articles (07/2014 - 06/2009)
4.	Chen, Ying: 6 articles (07/2014 - 06/2009)
5.	Ma, Jian-xing: 6 articles (12/2013 - 06/2009)
6.	Adamis, Anthony P: 6 articles (02/2007 - 03/2003)
7.	Tang, Jie: 5 articles (01/2015 - 04/2010)
8.	Huang, Hu: 5 articles (01/2015 - 11/2010)
9.	Lee, Chieh Allen: 4 articles (01/2015 - 04/2010)
10.	Caldwell, Ruth B: 4 articles (01/2013 - 07/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Leukostasis:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2015 - "Together, these studies show a clear role for NFAT-signaling in TNFα-induced retinal leukostasis, and identify NFATc2 and NFATc4 as potentially valuable therapeutic targets for treating retinopathies in which TNFα plays a pathogenic role. " 01/01/2015 - "This study identifies the transcriptional effects of TNFα on HRMEC, highlighting its involvement in multiple pathways that contribute to retinal leukostasis, and identifying a previously unknown role for NFAT-signaling downstream of TNFα. " 01/01/2015 - "Electroretinography (ERG), fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) and leukostasis were examined to evaluate the retinal injury induced by diabetes at the end of the fifth week after STZ injection. " 01/01/2015 - "Lastly, the CN/NFAT-signaling inhibitor INCA-6 was shown to reduce TNFα-induced retinal leukostasis in vivo. " 01/01/2015 - "TNFα regulates several genes related to retinal leukostasis in retinal endothelial cells. "
2.	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1)IBA 02/01/2007 - "The systemic administration of sRAGE significantly inhibited blood-retinal barrier breakdown, leukostasis, and expression of ICAM-1 in the retina in both the diabetic C57/BJ6 and RAGE-transgenic mice. " 06/01/2006 - "In addition, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a representative factor for leukostasis, is increased in the diabetic retina. " 01/01/2006 - "In addition, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a representative factor for leukostasis, is increased in diabetic retina. " 05/01/2000 - "The leukostasis is accompanied by the up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the retina. " 02/04/2000 - "Using a cationic liposomal carrier, this same antisense oligonucleotide (but not the sense control) instilled into the pulmonary vasculature at the time of preservation reduced subsequent graft ICAM-1 expression and graft leukostasis and markedly improved oxygenation, pulmonary blood flow, and graft survival. "
3.	Nitric Oxide Synthase (NO Synthase)IBA 08/01/2004 - "Pretreatment with the NO synthase inhibitor diminished the protective effects of TJ-10 on leukostasis in the liver, and the increase of plasma TNF levels and ALT activities. " 11/01/2001 - "Pretreatment with an NO synthase inhibitor diminished the protective effects of TJ-9 on the increase in leukostasis in the pericentral region, NPS, and plasma TNF-alpha levels, but not its effect on the increase in leukostasis in the midzonal region, total number of stationary leukocytes, or plasma ALT activities. " 11/01/1997 - "The NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) exaggerated the liver leukostasis elicited by gut I/R, responses that were prevented by coadministration of L-arginine. " 08/01/2009 - "These studies showed that LPS-induced increases in inflammatory protein production, leukostasis, retinal damage, signs of anterior uveitis, and uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase were blocked by either knockdown or inhibition of arginase. " 11/01/2007 - "Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in leukostasis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but it is unclear which NO synthase (NOS) isoforms are primarily involved. "
4.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 03/01/2011 - "TNFalpha is required for late BRB breakdown in diabetic retinopathy, and its inhibition prevents leukostasis and protects vessels and neurons from apoptosis." 01/01/2007 - "These data suggest that TNF-alpha mediates VEGF-, IL-1beta-, and PAF-induced leukostasis and vascular leakage mediated by PAF, but not leakage caused by VEGF or IL-1beta. " 01/01/1994 - "Endotoxin-induced pulmonary leukostasis in the rat: role of platelet-activating factor and tumor necrosis factor." 07/01/1999 - "These functional and hemodynamic improvements provided by Columbia University solution were accompanied by decreased graft leukostasis and decreased recipient tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1alpha levels compared with the other groups. " 01/01/2007 - "Compared to wild type mice with oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy, TNF-alpha-deficient mice with ischemic retinopathy showed significantly reduced leukostasis and mild reduction in vascular leakage, but no significant difference in retinal neovascularization. "
5.	PPAR gammaIBA 12/01/2002 - "As a consequence of PPAR-gamma activation, pulmonary leukostasis was decreased and oxygenation and overall survival were improved. " 10/01/2006 - "In the diabetic PPARgamma+/- mice, retinal leukostasis and leakage were greater than in the diabetic wild-type mice. " 01/01/2008 - "There is now strong experimental evidence to support the theory that PPARgamma inhibits diabetes-induced retinal leukostasis and leakage, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. " 10/01/2006 - "An endogenous pathway involving PPARgamma provides protection against retinal leukostasis and retinal leakage in diabetes and treatment with PPARgamma specific ligands inhibits retinal leukostasis and retinal leakage in diabetic rats." 10/01/2006 - "To clarify whether endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and its ligand, rosiglitazone, affect retinal leukostasis and the associated vascular leakage using an experimental diabetic model. "
6.	NAD (NADH)IBA 12/01/1997 - "Leukostasis, as well as increases in NPS and NAD(P)H autofluorescence (indicating hypoxia), were observed in the liver at 60 minutes after gut I/R. " 11/01/1997 - "Leukostasis, NPS, and NADH autofluorescence (indicating hypoxia) were all increased in the liver at 60 min after gut I/R. " 12/01/1997 - "The platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, WEB2086, and a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-specific antibody were also effective in attenuating the gut I/R-induced leukostasis and NAD(P)H autofluorescence. " 11/01/1997 - "The NO donor diethylenetriamine-NO (DETA-NO) and L-arginine were both effective in attenuating the gut I/R-induced leukostasis and increased NADH autofluorescence, whereas neither DETA nor D-arginine exerted a protective action. "
7.	Superoxides (Superoxide)IBA 01/01/2015 - "Two months of diabetes significantly increased leukostasis within retinal vessels and superoxide generation by the retina. " 10/05/1998 - "These observations suggest a role for superoxide in gut I/R-induced leukostasis and hypoxic stress in the liver. " 01/01/2013 - "Retinal superoxide production, leukostasis and leukocyte superoxide production were increased in wild type mice diabetic for 10 weeks, as was the ability of leukocytes isolated from diabetic animals to kill retinal endothelial cells in vitro. " 05/01/2010 - "Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-2 in the vascular endothelium inhibited the diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries and aberrant superoxide generation, but had no effect on Bax expression or leukostasis. " 05/01/2010 - "Diabetes of 2 months duration caused a significant decrease in expression of Bcl-2 in retina, upregulation of Bax in whole retina and isolated retinal microvessels, and increased generation of retinal superoxide and leukostasis. "
8.	P-SelectinIBA 03/01/2009 - "Furthermore, PSGL-1 blockade was significantly more effective in reducing retinal leukostasis than was P-selectin blockade. " 12/01/1993 - "The objective of this study was to determine whether pulmonary endothelial expression of the adhesive glycoprotein P-selectin contributes to the lung injury and leukostasis observed after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). "
9.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 10/01/2003 - "Parallel in vivo studies of nondiabetic mice assessed the effect of intraperitoneal delivery of AGE-Alb on ICAM-1 mRNA expression, NFkappaB DNA-binding activity, leukostasis, and blood-retinal barrier breakdown. " 03/28/2006 - "In an in vivo isogeneic rat lung ischemic injury model, inhaled CO not only diminished fibrin accumulation and leukostasis and improved gas exchange and survival but also suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, Egr-1 expression, and Erg DNA-binding activity in lung tissue. "
10.	Carrier Proteins (Binding Protein)IBA 09/24/2006 - "In this latter, it is of fundamental importance that the protein binding of the drug should be high (>80%), whereas the volume of its distribution should be relatively low (<0,2 l/kg body weight) and the endogenous clearance of it should be less, than 500 ml/min. Urgent leukocytapheresis should be performed above 50.000 blasts/microl, in acute or chronic myeloid leukemia if symptoms of leukostasis are present (if blasts are above 100.000/microl, cytoreduction is mandatory even without symptoms). " 02/11/2011 - "In the present study, we investigated the role of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) in retinal adhesion molecule expression, leukostasis, and vascular leakage. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 05/01/1994 - "Likely mechanisms whereby supplementation of the NO pathway enhanced preservation included increased blood flow to the reperfused graft and decreased graft leukostasis. " 12/01/2001 - "Post-transplant graft leukostasis, inflammation, and thrombosis are consequently diminished, with marked improvement in graft function and recipient survival. " 02/04/2000 - "Using a cationic liposomal carrier, this same antisense oligonucleotide (but not the sense control) instilled into the pulmonary vasculature at the time of preservation reduced subsequent graft ICAM-1 expression and graft leukostasis and markedly improved oxygenation, pulmonary blood flow, and graft survival. " 07/01/1999 - "These functional and hemodynamic improvements provided by Columbia University solution were accompanied by decreased graft leukostasis and decreased recipient tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1alpha levels compared with the other groups. "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 10/01/1999 - "Complement activation, neutrophil stimulation, increased cellular adhesiveness, transient leukocyte margination and pulmonary leukostasis take place during hemodialysis with cellulosic dialysis membranes. " 05/01/1981 - "These studies suggest that C5a(desarg) is indeed generated by the dialyzer throughout hemodialysis and that the transience of the leukostasis and granulocytopenia is due to selective down-regulation of cellular responses to C5a(desarg)-a phenomenon that hitherto has been described only in vitro and that may be important in limiting the deleterious effects of adherent granulocytes on the endothelium in patients with intravascular complement activation." 01/01/1984 - "As exemplified by hemodialysis leukopenia, C5a-desarg-mediated pulmonary leukostasis is a self-limiting process because of selective down-regulation of granulocyte receptors for C5a-desarg--a mechanism that primarily limits the lung damage associated with intravascular complement activation." 05/01/1981 - "Reversal of hemodialysis granulocytopenia and pulmonary leukostasis: A clinical manifestation of selective down-regulation of granulocyte responses to C5adesarg." 03/01/1981 - "Complement activation and pulmonary leukostasis with neutropenia occur in hemodialysis and filtration leukapheresis, with attendant pulmonary dysfunction. "
3.	Intravenous Infusions 09/01/1985 - "In vivo studies were conducted in rabbits, where PL was induced by an intravenous infusion of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and the degree of resulting leukostasis was expressed as the number of PMN per high power field (HPF). "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 05/01/2012 - "The main goal of the management of hyperleukocytosis and/or leukostasis is to reduce the white blood cell count before starting induction chemotherapy. " 01/01/2011 - "Therapeutic leukapheresis, associated or not to chemotherapy, is an effective approach to reduce WBC counts in patients with AML and leukostasis; however, this therapeutic procedure does not appear to change significantly the sombre prognosis observed in the majority of patients with this complication. " 01/01/2011 - "Fifteen patients with leukostasis of 187 patients with AML (8.02%) followed at our institution were treated with leukapheresis associated with chemotherapy. " 06/01/1992 - "The overall toxicity is substantially less than standard induction chemotherapy, with the notable exception of deaths attributed to the development of pulmonary leukostasis coinciding with a rapid increase in the number of mature neutrophils. " 01/01/1992 - "Before instituting chemotherapy, therapeutic leukapheresis was done to reduce the threat of complications from leukostasis. "
5.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 01/01/2014 - "Therapeutic leukapheresis is currently recommended by the American Society of Apheresis in patients with a WBC>100 G/l with signs of leukostasis, but the role of prophylactic leukapheresis before clinical signs of leukostasis occur is unclear. " 12/01/2013 - "During a 16-year period, 16 patients were treated with leukocytapheresis (35 apheresis procedures) for hyperleukocytosis/leukostasis. " 07/01/1980 - "The data suggest that an aggressive pheresis can effectively treat symptoms associated with acute leukostasis. " 01/01/1978 - "Management of cerebral leukostasis by cell pheresis."