Leukemia

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Also Known As:

Networked: 41436 relevant articles (2260 outcomes, 5063 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Lymphoma (Lymphomas)
3.	Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)
4.	Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)
5.	BCR-ABL Positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia)

Experts

1.	Kantarjian, Hagop: 81 articles (07/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Grant, Steven: 76 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Larson, Richard A: 68 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
4.	Chung, Jing-Gung: 58 articles (11/2015 - 09/2003)
5.	Marcucci, Guido: 55 articles (11/2015 - 02/2002)
6.	Cortes, Jorge: 55 articles (08/2015 - 03/2002)
7.	Andreeff, Michael: 55 articles (07/2015 - 02/2002)
8.	Choi, Yung Hyun: 50 articles (11/2015 - 05/2005)
9.	Dent, Paul: 49 articles (10/2013 - 01/2002)
10.	Kantarjian, Hagop M: 48 articles (09/2015 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Leukemia:

1.	Cytarabine (Cytosar-U)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "The combination of the diabody or ds-diabody and Ara-C was highly effective in enhancing the cytotoxicity of T cells against the CD19+ human leukemia cell-line, Nalm-6, both in vitro and in vivo. " 08/01/2000 - "The antimetabolite 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) has been used as a highly effective agent for the treatment of leukemia. " 03/01/1996 - "A diagnosis of hypoplastic mixed lineage leukemia was made and treated with low dose cytosine arabinoside, he resulted in complete remission. " 07/01/1992 - "He was treated with BHAC-DMP and intermediate-dose ara-C therapy for leukemia and a complete remission was obtained by March 25, 1988. " 10/01/1988 - "Short remission durations in therapy-related leukemia despite cytogenetic complete responses to high-dose cytarabine."
2.	imatinib (Gleevec)FDA Link 04/01/2015 - "Although imatinib is an effective treatment for CML and most patients treated with imatinib do attain some form of remission, imatinib does not completely eradicate all leukemia cells, and if treatment is stopped, all patients eventually relapse (Cortes, 2005). " 01/01/2004 - "Although Imatinib, the first molecularly targeted drug developed for CML has achieved a remarkable success, the emergence of resistance to this agent mitigates the prospect of a cure for this leukemia. " 07/01/2015 - "The patient was treated with imatinib and achieved complete clinical remission of his leukemia and the GEH. " 11/01/2008 - "Treatment with imatinib is very effective in Bcr-Abl positive leukemia. " 05/01/2011 - "The simulations presented in this paper imply that treatment programs that involve strategic treatment interruptions may prevent leukemia from relapsing and may prevent remission for significantly longer than continuous imatinib treatment. "
3.	AntigensIBA 12/01/2010 - "We analyzed the results of MRD detection in morphologically complete remission bone marrow aspirates from 89 patients with newly-diagnosed or relapsed acute leukemia, in which leukemic cells had cross-lineage antigen expression. " 06/01/2005 - "(2) Cord blood derived mature DC presenting leukemia antigen can generate leukemia-specific CTL with vigorous cytotoxic activity against the same leukemia blasts and low killing activity against bone marrow cells of the same patients in complete remission phase." 01/01/1987 - "Analysis of the antigen expression by individual cells within the parental and the selected cell populations was achieved by flow cytometry and demonstrated a marked decrease of the leukemia-associated antigen expression on individual cells within the selected subpopulation. " 11/01/2008 - "In conclusion, haplo-HSCT can be an alternative option for the treatment of high-risk acute leukemia patients in remission, lacking a human leukocyte antigen-matched donor." 09/01/2004 - "After HGF gene transfer, acute GVHD was reduced, while mature donor T-cell responses to host antigens were preserved, resulting in a significant improvement of leukemia-free survival. "
4.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1991 - "In a third group of new regimens reporting improved antileukemia efficacy and increased leukemia-free survival, results are not convincingly superior to cyclophosphamide and total body radiation. " 01/01/2010 - "The aim of the study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of total body irradiation (TBI)/cyclophosphamide (CY) versus BU/CY as conditioning regimen for leukemia. " 12/01/1985 - "Protection also was observed in EL-4-bearing mice that were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) rather than by immunization, however, the protective effects were observed only when CY treatment was instituted 6 days after inoculation of live leukemia cells. " 01/15/1997 - "The disease process in leukemic mice was retarded substantially by combination treatment with cyclophosphamide and specific bcr/abl antisense [S]ODNs (P < .001, relative to treatment with specific antisense [S]ODNs alone, cyclophosphamide alone, or cyclophosphamide plus nonspecific [i.e., control] antisense [S]ODNs); 50% of the mice treated with cyclophosphamide and specific antisense [S]ODNs appeared to be cured of leukemia. " 01/01/2000 - "Long-term remission in an elderly patient with mantle cell leukemia treated with low-dose cyclophosphamide."
5.	Methotrexate (Mexate)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2015 - "The aim of this study is to investigate the association of ABCB1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to adult acute leukemia, and the influence of ABCB1 polymorphisms on the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX). " 09/01/1992 - "After the first relapse of the central nervous system (CNS) leukemia, intrathecal administration of methotrexate (MTX) and skull irradiation induced CNS remission. " 01/01/1983 - "Bone marrow cells from children with leukemia in remission and lymphoblasts and myeloblasts from children with early and late-stage leukemia all accumulated methotrexate during short-term culture and converted it to poly-gamma-glutamyl derivatives. " 01/01/1979 - "Intraventricular versus intralumbar methotrexate for central-nervous-system leukemia: prolonged remission with the Ommaya reservoir." 12/01/1971 - "Remission maintenance therapy for meningeal leukemia: intrathecal methotrexate vs. intravenous bis-nitrosourea."
6.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2002 - "All-trans retinoic acid as a single agent induces complete remission in a patient with acute leukemia of M2a subtype." 07/15/1997 - "All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been used for APL patients as a potent therapeutic agent to induce differentiation of leukemia cells. " 10/01/1995 - "Despite these findings the patient obtained a complete morphological and cytogenetic remission of the leukemia following treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid. " 03/01/1995 - "Aucte promyelocytic leukemia (APL) can be treated by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with high complete remission rate. " 11/01/2000 - "Retinoic acid has proved to be an effective treatment for promyelocytic leukemia. "
7.	Interleukin-2 (IL2)IBA 12/01/1997 - "A similar phase I trial of IL-2 after alloBMT was also performed in children with acute leukemia beyond first complete remission. " 01/01/1989 - "In the current study we used the therapy of established murine leukemia to identify the lymphocyte subsets responsible for toxicity and for therapeutic efficacy of high-dose IL-2. " 05/01/1997 - "Adoptive transfer of CD3AK cells with low dose rIL-2 into the P 388 mice significantly enhanced the splenocyte proliferation (SP) induced by Con A, the NK cell activity and the splenocytic IL-2 production and prolonged their survival (45.19%); CTX (200 mg/kg) alone prolonged the survival of P 388-bearing mice (29.90%), but further decreased the immunodeficiency; combination of CTX and CD3AK passive transfer could prevent the reduction of SP, NK activity and IL-2 production in the leukemic mice and prolonged the survival (59.45%), combination of KSC and adoptively transfected CD2AK cells and/or CTX had a much better therapeutic efficacy for P 388 murine leukemia, 12.50%-75.00% of the leukemic mice were cured. " 01/01/1989 - "Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of high-dose interleukin 2. In vivo infusion of antibody to NK-1.1 attenuates toxicity without compromising efficacy against murine leukemia." 09/01/1991 - "Anti-CD3 + IL-2 activated cells from patients with ALL and NHL who had received autologous BMT and cells from patients with leukemia who underwent allogeneic BMT were more effective in lysing the natural killer (NK) sensitive target, K562, and the NK-resistant target, Daudi, compared with controls. "
8.	Etoposide (VP 16)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1987 - "Although CR was not achieved in any patients with acute leukemia, and PR was in three (33.3%), it was found that etoposide was most effective for the patients with the M4 or M5 subtype in the FAB classification. " 07/01/1995 - "After she had been treated with low dose etoposide for leukemia, she obtained complete remission. " 07/01/1998 - "We evaluated the efficacy of a preparatory regimen consisting of fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) (12 Gy in six fractions) and high dose etoposide (60 mg/kg) administered as an 8-h infusion for allogeneic BMT in 16 consecutive patients with acute leukemia. " 01/01/1990 - "In leukemias with monocytic phenotype (M4-M5), the remission rate was significantly higher with the etoposide-containing regimen (p = 0.02). " 10/01/1992 - "We conclude that combining VP-16 and CsA was effective in purging MDR leukemia cells from transplanted BM in this murine model."
9.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1996 - "In an actual application, these two kinds of modifications in the previous SRB assay procedure were also proved to be effective in the determination of cytotoxicities of doxorubicin by using human leukemias." 01/01/1997 - "CPA and doxorubicin improved survival in the HL60 leukemia model (P = 0.0018). " 12/01/2008 - "This study was aimed to investigate the effects of low frequency and power ultrasound combined with adriamycin on apoptosis of drug-resistant leukemia cell line K562/A02 in vitro, to find out the parameters of optimal exposure, and to explore the possible mechanism reversing drug-resistance of K562/A02 cells. " 11/01/2008 - "This study was to investigate the antitumor effect of low-frequency ultrasound combined with adriamycin on human leukemia multidrug resistance (MDR) cell line K562/A02. " 04/01/2006 - "In the present study, we demonstrate that PBK is down regulated during doxorubicin induced growth arrest of HL60 promyelocytic leukemia cells at least partly due to cell cycle-specific transcriptional regulation. "
10.	Vincristine (Oncovin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2010 - "We have previously found that vincristine (VCR) is less effective in obese compared to non-obese mice with leukemia, despite weight-based dosing. " 10/01/2013 - "In summary, the results of this study demonstrate that ALR protects Jurkat T leukemia cells from vincristine-induced cell death via regulation of apoptotic signaling pathways and cell cycle. " 03/01/2006 - "Proteomic analysis reveals a novel role for the actin cytoskeleton in vincristine resistant childhood leukemia--an in vivo study." 10/01/1996 - "In this study, in vitro and in vivo reversion of MDR was attempted in a human leukemia cell line resistant to vincristine (HL-60/Vinc) using an 18-mer mdr1 antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide ([S]ODN) in combination with vincristine. " 01/01/1985 - "A phase II trial of prolonged IV infusions of vincristine was conducted in 21 patients with refractory acute leukemia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/2002 - "Complete remission was achieved by induction chemotherapy, but as myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukemia is reported to have an extremely poor prognosis due to frequent relapse, the patient underwent allo PBSCT from her HLA-identical father, together with a myeloablative conditioning regimen. " 05/01/2001 - "Leukemia is rare in pregnancy and treatment with intensive, multiagent chemotherapy produces complete remission in most adults, but might have deleterious effects on fetuses. " 01/01/2000 - "However, AML-M3 has a lower first remission rate and a higher morbidity and mortality rate than most of the other acute leukemias when treated with conventional chemotherapy. " 01/01/2000 - "Modern chemotherapy can place most patients with acute leukemia into remission. " 09/01/1995 - "Our results suggest that this conditioning regimen is associated with high but manageable acute toxicity and may be highly effective in controlling leukemia resistant to conventional chemotherapy."
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/2014 - "We hypothesized that any residual disease would be maximally reduced at the time of transplant, resulting in the best milieu and most lead time for developing a graft-versus-leukemia effect and in improved long-term overall survival (OS) without excess toxicity. " 12/01/2011 - "For those transplanted in first complete remission (CR1), outcomes are the best, but some fraction of those might have had extended leukemia-free survival in the absence of a transplant. " 10/01/2002 - "It is concluded that the models established in this study are stable and direct with an excellent reproducibility and an accuracy, which can be used to evaluate purging efficacy of leukemia cells in model graft using immunomagnetic selection and the experimental studies on tumorcidal effect in vitro." 05/01/2014 - "Transplants were performed in the United States or Japan between 2000 and 2009; patients were aged 16 years or younger, had acute leukemia, were in complete remission, and received a myeloablative conditioning regimen. " 05/01/2013 - "The improved OS in patients developing cGVHD after transplant or DLI gives clear evidence for a potent graft-versus-leukemia effect in this indication."
3.	Bone Marrow Transplantation (Transplantation, Bone Marrow) 03/01/1997 - "Allogenic bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice in chronic granulocyte leukemia patients, while the best results are achieved when it is performed in the chronic phase of the illness. " 04/01/1994 - "Although allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for acute and chronic leukemia, leukemic relapse remains a significant problem. " 04/01/1993 - "The role of total body irradiation (TBI) for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute leukemia in first complete remission was reevaluated in this study. " 01/01/2014 - "A 50-year-old Caucasian male was referred to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with a high-risk acute lymphoblastic B leukemia in first complete remission. " 11/01/2009 - "Acute leukemia therapy regimens may lead to sustained clinical remission of BPDCN, with bone marrow transplantation in first complete remission potentially curative in adult patients."
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2008 - "While among all leukemias this transplantation regimen had the best outcome in CML, trials with reduced intensity conditioning regimens (RIC) were rather humbling and recurrence of the neoplastic clone occurred frequently. " 07/01/2013 - "URD allo-HCT after auto-HCT relapse resulted in 20% long-term leukemia-free survival, with the best results seen in patients with a longer interval to secondary URD transplantation, with a Karnofsky Performance Status score ≥90%, in complete remission, and using an RIC regimen. " 04/01/2011 - "These results support the notion that allogeneic SCT offers only a small chance of cure for most pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia, and suggest that reduction of the leukemia burden and earlier optimal timing of transplantation are essential for long-term survival even in patients with refractory acute leukemia." 01/01/2001 - "GATA-2 transcripts was highly expressed in leukemia patients and had no change in remission but significantly decreased in post-transplantation patients. " 11/01/1997 - "Allogenic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood have given the best results in the treatment of acute and chronic leukemia. "
5.	Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 02/01/2010 - "Most children diagnosed with leukemia are cured without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but for some high-risk subgroups, allogeneic HSCT plays an important role in their therapeutic approach. " 01/01/2011 - "This form of leukemia is universally recognized as high-risk leukemia and treatment intensification with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in first complete remission (CR) could be a valid option to improve prognosis, but data obtained from the literature are controversial. " 10/01/2009 - "Outcome of HLA-matched related allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute leukemia in first complete remission treated in Eastern European centers. " 09/01/2008 - "Relapsing after a very short complete remission, the leukemia progressed rapidly and became fatal in spite of intensive therapies including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. " 06/01/2008 - "Results of syngeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia: risk factors for outcomes of adults transplanted in first complete remission."