Specific Learning Disorder

Diagnosed when there are specific deficits in an individual’s ability to perceive or process information efficiently and accurately. This disorder first manifests during the years of formal schooling and is characterized by persistent and impairing difficulties with learning foundational academic skills in reading, writing, and/or math. The individual’s performance of the affected academic skills is well below average for age, or acceptable performance levels are achieved only with extraordinary effort. Specific learning disorder may occur in individuals identified as intellectually gifted and manifest only when the learning demands or assessment procedures (e.g., timed tests) pose barriers that cannot be overcome by their innate intelligence and compensatory strategies. For all individuals, specific learning disorder can produce lifelong impairments in activities dependent on the skills, including occupational performance. (from DSM-V)

Also Known As:

Networked: 36 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 10 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
2.	Motor Skills Disorders (Motor Skills Disorder)
3.	Autism Spectrum Disorder
4.	Dyslexia (Alexia)
5.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)

Experts

1.	Anesiadou, Sophia: 2 articles (02/2021 - 08/2019)
2.	Makris, Gerasimos: 2 articles (02/2021 - 08/2019)
3.	Pervanidou, Panagiota: 2 articles (02/2021 - 08/2019)
4.	Azizi, Amir: 2 articles (07/2020 - 12/2018)
5.	Ho, Jacqueline J: 2 articles (09/2016 - 12/2012)
6.	Tan, May Loong: 2 articles (09/2016 - 12/2012)
7.	Teh, Keng Hwang: 2 articles (09/2016 - 12/2012)
8.	Auger, Anne-Charlotte: 1 article (04/2022)
9.	Jarry, Christophe: 1 article (04/2022)
10.	Lenoir-Perrotel, Stéphanie: 1 article (04/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Specific Learning Disorder:

1.	dicarboxydine (DCD)IBA 04/01/2022 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of frustration intolerance beliefs among two groups of adults with a specific learning disorder (dyslexia or DCD), compared with typical adults. " 11/01/2018 - "In this study, we have investigated daily motor characteristics in children with a diagnosis of specific learning disorder (SLD) and compared them with those of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and those of typically developing controls. " 04/01/2022 - "Research suggests that adults diagnosed with specific learning disorders, such as dyslexia or developmental coordination disorder (DCD), are at greater risk of emotional problems related to frustration and anger. " 01/01/2021 - "Using a screening test designed and validated to measure dorsal EVSP ability, 168 children (122 males, 46 females; mean age 10y [SD 1y 10mo], range 4y 8mo-16y 4mo) diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), specific learning disorder (SLD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and/or oral language disorder were compared with a group of 184 typically developing children. " 01/01/2021 - "In addition, they did not predict Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) or Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), nor anxiety and depression when we controlled for age, Vanderbilt inattention and hyperactivity subscales, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. "
2.	Dehydroepiandrosterone SulfateIBA 12/01/2022 - "In our study, we examined serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and allopregnanolone levels in children with ADHD and whether these neurosteroids differ in the presence of specific learning disorder (SLD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) comorbidities (ADHD+SLD and ADHD+ODD). "
3.	UbiquinoneIBA 01/01/2018 - "Its role in specific learning disorder manifestations has not been previously investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the blood levels of ubiquinone in a group of children with specific learning disorder in comparison to typically developing children and to investigate the correlation between ubiquinone levels in children with specific learning disorder and some of their intellectual capabilities, reading, spelling and writing performance. " 01/01/2018 - "The decreased levels of ubiquinone in this sample of children with specific learning disorder could have participated in the pathogenesis of this disorder." 01/01/2018 - "Ubiquinone has a role in the auditory working memory performance of children with specific learning disorder (with impairment in reading). " 01/01/2018 - "The blood levels of ubiquinone in the children with specific learning disorder group were less than those in the TD group. " 01/01/2018 - "Correlation between some aptitudes of children with specific learning disorder and the ubiquinone level was performed. "
4.	SmokeIBA 01/01/2021 - "However, previous studies showed an association between specific learning disorders and environmental toxins such as lead and tobacco smoke, but not parental age. "
5.	Pregnanolone (Allopregnanolone)IBA 12/01/2022 - "In our study, we examined serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and allopregnanolone levels in children with ADHD and whether these neurosteroids differ in the presence of specific learning disorder (SLD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) comorbidities (ADHD+SLD and ADHD+ODD). "
6.	Methoxychlor (Metox)IBA 08/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations and detection rates of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, cyclodienes, and methoxychlor in serum samples of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disorder (SLD), all of normal intelligence, compared to typically developing controls (TD). "
7.	Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)IBA 12/01/2022 - "In our study, we examined serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and allopregnanolone levels in children with ADHD and whether these neurosteroids differ in the presence of specific learning disorder (SLD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) comorbidities (ADHD+SLD and ADHD+ODD). "
8.	DDTIBA 08/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations and detection rates of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, cyclodienes, and methoxychlor in serum samples of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disorder (SLD), all of normal intelligence, compared to typically developing controls (TD). "
9.	CarnosineIBA 09/28/2016 - " excluded one study because it used a cointervention (carnosine), and five other studies because they did not provide a robust diagnosis of a specific learning disorder. "
10.	Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations and detection rates of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, cyclodienes, and methoxychlor in serum samples of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disorder (SLD), all of normal intelligence, compared to typically developing controls (TD). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2018 - "To report the frequency of binocular vision (BV) anomalies in children with specific learning disorders (SLD) and to assess the efficacy of vision therapy (VT) in children with a non-strabismic binocular vision anomaly (NSBVA). " 02/22/2023 - "Improvement of Self-Esteem in Children with Specific Learning Disorders after Donkey-Assisted Therapy." 01/01/2018 - "Children with specific learning disorders have a high frequency of binocular vision disorders and vision therapy plays a significant role in improving the BV parameters. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2021 - "The published results of multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of pharmacotherapy with the medication "Tenoten for children" for ADHD, specific learning disorders, anxiety disorders and the consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system are reviewed. "
3.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 10/24/2023 - "This study explores the relationship between executive functions (EF) and activities of daily living in children with specific learning disorder (SLD). " 10/24/2023 - "The relationship between executive function and activities of daily living in children with specific learning disorders."
4.	Neurofeedback 07/01/2020 - "Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neurofeedback on Sustained Attention Among Elementary School Students With Specific Learning Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." 12/01/2018 - "Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neurofeedback on Sustained Attention Among Elementary School Students with Specific Learning Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." 09/14/2022 - "Neurofeedback for the Education of Children with ADHD and Specific Learning Disorders: A Review."
5.	Cognitive Training 07/01/2020 - "Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neurofeedback on Sustained Attention Among Elementary School Students With Specific Learning Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." 12/01/2018 - "Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neurofeedback on Sustained Attention Among Elementary School Students with Specific Learning Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial."