Apoplectic
pituitary adenomas cause significant morbidity and even mortality. The
pituitary apoplexy denotes a
pituitary adenoma presenting with
hemorrhage and/or
infarction, implementation in remedial effects of various of drugs in
pituitary apoplexy is a promising pharmacogenomic field in the near future
adenoma treatment. Indisputably, this is an important horizon for complicated
pituitary adenomas. In a
pituitary adenoma, the interplay between genetic,
cytokine, and
growth factors promotes the pathogenic transformation into an apoplectic formation. However, till date, little is known about how all these factors together lead to the pathogenesis of apoplectic pituitary. The
vascular endothelial growth factor,
tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),
pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG),
matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (
MMP-2/9), proliferating marker (Ki-67), as well as
hypoxia-inducing factor are the major contributing factors involved in
pituitary apoplexy. The molecular mechanism involved in
pituitary apoplexy has never been described so far. In this review, we discuss the various
proteins/
cytokines/
growth factors and signaling molecules which are involved in the pathogenesis of
pituitary apoplexy and their potential role as
biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.