Inflammation can promote
colon cancer. Mechanistic studies indicate that γ-
tocopherol (γT), a major form of
vitamin E in diets, has anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Here we investigated the effectiveness of γT and a mixture of
tocopherols against
colitis and
colitis-promoted colon
tumorigenesis in male BALB/c mice. γT or mixed
tocopherols (at 0.1% diet) did not show any effect on colon
tumorigenesis induced by
azoxymethane (AOM, 10mg/kg) with three cycles of
dextran sodium sulfate (DSS at 1.5-2.5%). γT failed to exhibit protection of severe
colitis caused by three cycles of DSS at 2.5%. In contrast, when AOM-initiated
carcinogenesis was promoted by relatively mild
colitis induced by one-cycle DSS (1.5%), γT, but not mixed
tocopherols, suppressed total multiplicity of macroscopic
adenomas (P=0.06) and large
adenomatous polyps (>2mm(2), P<0.05) by 60 and 85%, respectively. γT also significantly decreased
tumor multiplicity (>2mm(2)) induced by AOM with two cycles of 1.5% DSS even when dietary supplementation was started after AOM injection. Consistently, γT but not mixed
tocopherols attenuated DSS (1.5%)-induced colon
inflammation and damage as well as formation of atypical glandular
hyperplasia. Mice supplemented with
tocopherols had high fecal excretion of 13'-carboxychromanol, a long-chain
vitamin E metabolite shown to have potent anti-inflammatory activities. Our study demonstrates that γT is able to alleviate moderate but not severe
colitis and its promoted
tumorigenesis, and indicates that
inflammation severity should be considered in evaluating anticancer effectiveness of
chemoprevention agents.