gamma-Tocopherol or combinations of vitamin E forms induce cell death in human prostate cancer cells by interrupting sphingolipid synthesis.

Abstract

gamma-Tocopherol (gammaT), the predominant form of vitamin E in diets, but not alpha-tocopherol, the major vitamin E form in tissues and supplements, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and PC-3) and lung cancer cells (A549). In contrast, at similar concentrations, gammaT has no effect on normal prostate epithelial cells. Combinations of some vitamin E forms, such as gammaT and delta-tocopherol, exhibit additive or synergistic inhibitory effects. In this study, gammaT or its combination with delta-tocopherol induced apoptosis in androgen-sensitive prostate LNCaP, but not in androgen-resistant PC-3 cells, by the induction of cytochrome c release, activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and involvement of caspase-independent pathways. Myriocin and fumonisin B1, specific inhibitors of key enzymes (serine palmitoyltransferase and dihydroceramide synthase, respectively) in de novo synthesis of sphingolipids, significantly protected cells from gammaT-induced DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release, PARP cleavage, and the formation of active caspase 3. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, gammaT treatment led to pronounced dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingosine accumulation, which preceded morphological and biochemical manifestations of apoptosis. In contrast, ceramide and shpingosine levels did not increase until day 3, when substantial cell death took place. Our study demonstrates that gammaT and mixed vitamin E forms induce cell death by interrupting the de novo sphingolipid pathway in a prostate cancer cell line. Thus, certain vitamin E forms may be valuable as anticancer agents.

• Authors: Qing Jiang, Jeffrey Wong, Henrik Fyrst, Julie D Saba, Bruce N Ames
• Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A) Vol. 101 Issue 51 Pg. 17825-30 (Dec 21 2004) ISSN: 0027-8424 [Print] United States
• PMID: 15596715 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.)

Chemical References

• Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated
• Sphingolipids
• Arachidonic Acid
• gamma-Tocopherol
• Linoleic Acid
• Caspases
• thermozymocidin

Topics

• Apoptosis (drug effects)
• Arachidonic Acid (pharmacology)
• Caspases (metabolism)
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cell Proliferation (drug effects)
• Drug Synergism
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Epithelial Cells (cytology)
• Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated (pharmacology)
• Humans
• Linoleic Acid (pharmacology)
• Male
• Molecular Structure
• Prostate (cytology, drug effects)
• Prostatic Neoplasms (metabolism, pathology)
• Sphingolipids (biosynthesis, metabolism)
• gamma-Tocopherol (pharmacology)