Heat Stress Disorders (Heat Cramp)

A group of conditions that develop due to overexposure or overexertion in excessive environmental heat.

Also Known As:

Heat Cramp; Stress Disorders, Heat; Exertional Heat Illnesses; Exertional Heat Stresses; Fatigue, Heat; Heat Fatigues; Heat Illness, Exertional; Heat Illnesses; Heat Stress Disorder; Heat Stress Syndrome; Heat Stress, Exertional; Heat Syncopes; Illness, Heat; Stress Disorder, Heat; Stress Syndrome, Heat; Syncope, Heat; Exertional Heat Illness; Exertional Heat Stress; Heat Cramps; Heat Fatigue; Heat Illness; Heat Stress Syndromes; Heat Syncope

Networked: 173 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 22 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Wounds and Injuries: 181755
- Heat Stress Disorders: 173

Related Diseases

1.	Hypothermia
2.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
3.	Heat Stroke (Heatstroke)
4.	Dehydration (Water Stress)
5.	Hyperthermia

Experts

1.	Costa, Ricardo J S: 13 articles (01/2024 - 01/2015)
2.	Casa, Douglas J: 9 articles (01/2023 - 01/2009)
3.	Snipe, Rhiannon M J: 6 articles (01/2024 - 12/2017)
4.	Gaskell, Stephanie K: 5 articles (01/2024 - 01/2020)
5.	Pryor, Riana R: 5 articles (08/2021 - 01/2012)
6.	Hostler, David: 5 articles (06/2015 - 01/2012)
7.	Suyama, Joe: 4 articles (07/2014 - 01/2012)
8.	Armstrong, Lawrence E: 4 articles (03/2010 - 01/2009)
9.	Maresh, Carl M: 4 articles (03/2010 - 01/2009)
10.	McDermott, Brendon P: 4 articles (03/2010 - 01/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Heat Stress Disorders:

1.	IceIBA 04/01/2014 - "We assessed the efficacy of different treatments (i.e., treatment with ice water immersion vs. natural recovery) and the effect of exercise intensities (i.e., low vs. high) for restoring heart rate variability (HRV) indices during recovery from exertional heat stress (EHS). " 06/01/2023 - "Ice slurry conferred no protection against exertional heat stress-induced gastrointestinal perturbations." 06/01/2023 - "Compare the effects of ice slurry ingestion at low and normal doses on endurance capacity and exertional heat stress-induced gastrointestinal perturbations. " 01/01/2016 - "In conclusion, changes in frontal plane gait characteristics may indicate exertional heat stress during prolonged load carriage, and some of these changes may be mitigated with ice slurry ingestion. " 12/01/2014 - "We examined whether treatment for exertional heat stress via ice water immersion (IWI) or natural recovery is affected by the intensity of physical work performed and, thus, the time taken to reach hyperthermia. "
2.	CarbohydratesIBA 06/01/2020 - "A 24-h HFOD before exertional heat stress ameliorates disturbances to epithelial integrity but exacerbates carbohydrate malabsorption and GIS severity in comparison with a LFOD. " 06/01/1998 - "Fluid replacement reduces the risk of heat illness and improves exercise performance by preventing or reducing dehydration and by providing a convenient means of ingesting carbohydrate. " 12/01/2017 - "Carbohydrate and protein intake during exertional heat stress ameliorates intestinal epithelial injury and small intestine permeability." 10/01/2023 - "Consuming carbohydrate or protein before and during exercise attenuated small intestine permeability throughout recovery from exertional heat stress. " 10/01/2023 - "Plasma measurements of the dual sugar test reveal carbohydrate immediately alleviates intestinal permeability caused by exertional heat stress."
3.	Glutamine (L-Glutamine)FDA Link 12/01/2022 - " study examined the efficacy of low-dose (0.30 g kg FFM-1; ∼20 grams) acute L-glutamine supplementation on small intestinal injury, permeability, and microbial translocation in response a high-intensity exertional-heat stress test to exhaustion (20-30 min). " 12/01/2022 - " high-dose (0.9 g kg FFM-1) L-glutamine supplementation is widely promoted as a practical strategy to protect gastrointestinal barrier integrity during exertional-heat stress. " 12/01/2022 - "Acute L-glutamine supplementation does not improve gastrointestinal permeability, injury or microbial translocation in response to exhaustive high intensity exertional-heat stress." 01/01/2022 - "Low-dose acute oral glutamine supplementation does not protect gastrointestinal injury, permeability, or bacterial translocation in response to subclinical exertional heat stress." 01/01/2022 - "Ten males completed two 80-minute subclinical exertional heat stress tests (EHSTs) following either glutamine (0.3 g kg FFM-1) or placebo supplementation. "
4.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 04/01/2016 - "High-Dose Probiotic Supplementation Containing Lactobacillus casei for 7 Days Does Not Enhance Salivary Antimicrobial Protein Responses to Exertional Heat Stress Compared With Placebo." 12/03/2014 - "Pathway analyses at both the transcript and protein levels supported catastrophic deficits in energetics and cellular metabolism and activation of the unfolded protein response in heat-stressed rats with histopathological evidence of persistent heat injury, providing the basis for a systems-level physiological model of heat illness and recovery." 12/01/2017 - "Carbohydrate and protein intake during exertional heat stress ameliorates intestinal epithelial injury and small intestine permeability." 10/01/2023 - "Consuming carbohydrate or protein before and during exercise attenuated small intestine permeability throughout recovery from exertional heat stress. "
5.	Menthol FDA Link 06/01/2015 - "Spraying L-menthol toward the end of self-paced exercise in the heat improved perception, but did not alter performance and did not increase heat illness risk. " 01/01/2020 - "Ingested beverage temperature can influence core temperature, with cold/icy beverages of potential use before and during exertional heat stress, while use of menthol can alter thermal sensation. " 06/01/2015 - "L-menthol stimulates cutaneous thermoreceptors and induces cool sensations improving thermal comfort, but has been linked to heat storage responses; this could increase risk of heat illness during self-paced exercise in the heat. "
6.	EndotoxinsIBA 11/01/2022 - "The study aimed to investigate the impact of laboratory-controlled exertional and exertional-heat stress on concentrations of plasma endogenous endotoxin core antibody (EndoCAb). " 02/01/2018 - "The study aimed to determine the effects of exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, symptoms, systemic endotoxin and inflammatory responses; and assess the relationship between changes in body temperature and gastrointestinal perturbations. " 08/01/2008 - "This study examined endotoxin-mediated cytokinemia during exertional heat stress (EHS). " 02/01/2018 - "Exertional-heat stress induces a thermoregulatory strain that subsequently injures the intestinal epithelium, reduces endotoxin clearance capacity, promotes greater cytokinaemia, and development of gastrointestinal symptoms." 02/07/2018 - "The study aimed to determine the effects of mild exertional heat stress on intestinal injury, permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and cytokine responses. "
7.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2024 - "Utilizing metadata from existing exertional and exertional-heat stress studies, the study aimed to determine if the exercise-associated increase in core body temperature can predict the change in exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) biomarkers and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS). " 11/01/2023 - "To assess how biomarkers indicating central nervous system insult (neurobiomarkers) vary in peripheral blood with exertional-heat stress from prolonged endurance exercise. " 03/01/2023 - "Reliability of Biomarkers of Physiological Stress at Rest and Post-exertional Heat Stress." 11/01/2022 - "Exertional and exertional-heat stress resulted in modest disturbances to systemic EndoCAb responses, suggesting EndoCAb biomarkers presents a low sensitivity response to controlled-laboratory experimental designs within exercise gastroenterology." 01/01/2022 - "Relative changes in brain and kidney biomarkers with Exertional Heat Illness during a cool weather marathon."
8.	CytokinesIBA 12/01/2018 - "This study aimed to determine the influence of biological sex on intestinal injury, permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms, and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress. " 12/01/2018 - "Findings suggest that when females are in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, biological sex has no effect on intestinal epithelial injury and permeability, and minimal effect on gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress." 12/01/2018 - "Does biological sex impact intestinal epithelial injury, small intestine permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress?" 03/01/2009 - "Expression of intracellular cytokines, HSP72, and apoptosis in monocyte subsets during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals." 02/07/2018 - "The study aimed to determine the effects of mild exertional heat stress on intestinal injury, permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and cytokine responses. "
9.	Heat-Shock Proteins (Heat-Shock Protein)IBA 02/01/1996 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the pattern of accumulation of the highly inducible 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) in liver tissue of mature (12-mo-old) and senescent (24-mo-old) male Fischer 344 rats after either passive or exertional heat stress. " 03/01/2009 - "This study examined intracellular cytokine, heat shock protein (HSP) 72, and cellular apoptosis in classic and inflammatory CD14(+) monocyte subsets during exertional heat stress (EHS). "
10.	SodiumIBA 11/01/2021 - "Exertional heat stress and sodium balance: Leaders, followers, and adaptations." 11/01/2009 - "football players with a history of heat cramps were evaluated for the effect of physical training, sodium intake, and loss of sweat sodium on whole blood sodium concentration (BNa). " 03/01/2007 - "decrease in serum sodium concentrations and osmolality induced by exertional heat stress." 03/01/2007 - "Exertional heat stress in hot conditions induced physiological heat stress (increase in Tty, HR, and SwR), with significant decrease in serum sodium concentration (140.6 +/- 1.52 before vs. 138.5 +/- 1.0 mmol/l after EHST, p < 0.01) and osmolality (280.7 +/- 3.8 vs. 277.5 +/- 2.6 mOsm/kg, p < 0.05) in the unacclimatized group. " 12/01/2005 - "This observational study was designed to determine whether football players with a history of heat cramps have elevated fluid and sodium losses during training. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2021 - "Our results indicated that active cooling should be recommended as an adjunct to rehydration-only therapy for patients with severe heat illness." 01/01/2021 - "Rehydration-only therapy was associated with a higher in-hospital mortality in patients with severe heat illness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-8.90), whereas the cooling methods were not associated with lower in-hospital mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate heat illness (aOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 0.92-5.84). " 05/01/2023 - "Cold-water immersion (CWI) is the gold standard therapy for exertional heat illness (EHS), and it is critical to perform CWI expeditiously when the core temperature exceeds 40°C; however, the treatment comes with risks, most notably hypothermia. " 10/01/2019 - "Exertional Heat Illness with associated ischemic hepatitis (IH) is a common occurrence among military trainees; however, few specific therapies exist if unresponsive to appropriate supportive measures. " 11/01/1996 - "New developments in the fields of biochemistry, physiology, sepsis, cancer therapy, and molecular genetics have led to opportunities for the development of new therapies and prophylaxes for heat illnesses and for improving human performance during conditions of environmental stress. "
2.	Induced Hyperthermia (Thermotherapy) 01/01/2007 - "If confirmed in future studies, these component responses might provide a better understanding of adaptive and pathological responses to exercise and exercise-induced hyperthermia, help find new ways of identifying individuals at risk for exertional heat illness, and perhaps even help find rational molecular targets for therapeutic intervention."
3.	Protective Clothing 04/01/2021 - "That 'perfect storm' exacerbates the risk of occupational heat illness, yet first responders must perform physically demanding work wearing personal-protective clothing and equipment. " 11/29/2020 - "In military contexts heat stress is exacerbated by the combination of protective clothing, carried loads, and unique activity profiles, making them susceptible to heat illnesses. " 11/01/2015 - "The deleterious effects of environmental heat stress, combined with high metabolic loads and protective clothing and equipment of the modern Warfighter, impose severe heat strain, impair task performance, and increase risk of heat illness, thereby reducing the chance for mission success. " 06/01/2012 - "Sixty-five (28.9 ± 6.8 years) female (n = 11) and male (n = 54) firefighters and non-firefighting volunteers participated in four related exertional heat stress investigations performing treadmill exercise in a heated room while wearing thermal protective clothing. " 01/01/2012 - "Estimating core temperature with external devices after exertional heat stress in thermal protective clothing."
4.	Fluid Therapy (Oral Rehydration Therapy) 07/01/1999 - "II. Critical Concepts in Rehydration, Exertional Heat Illnesses, and Maximizing Athletic Performance." 10/01/1990 - "Treatment of heat illness is based on reduction of body temperature and rehydration. " 01/01/2021 - "Our results indicated that active cooling should be recommended as an adjunct to rehydration-only therapy for patients with severe heat illness." 01/01/2021 - "Rehydration-only therapy was associated with a higher in-hospital mortality in patients with severe heat illness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-8.90), whereas the cooling methods were not associated with lower in-hospital mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate heat illness (aOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 0.92-5.84). " 07/01/1999 - ""body cooling," "dehydration," "exercise," "heat illnesses," "heat," "fluid replacement," "acclimatization," "hydration," "rehydration," "performance," and "intravenous," among others. "
5.	First Aid (Aids, First) 04/01/2022 - "It is important that unit leaders and trainers understand the risk factors for heat illness among those being trained and that early first aid measures be employed in the field (especially rapid cooling)." 08/01/2021 - "Hence, this paper aims to describe the characteristics of heat illness patients utilizing the ambulance service in Telangana state, India with the aim of optimizing public prevention and first aid strategies and prehospital response to this growing problem. " 01/01/2021 - "Appropriate heat-illness interventions should focus on first aid measures to reduce morbidity and mortality related to heat illness in farmworkers." 08/01/2018 - "This tool has been designed to be an adjunct to the existing MOD mandated heat illness recognition and first aid training." 12/01/2016 - "Responses were analysed to determine the prevalence of individual (Intrinsic) and Command-practice (Extrinsic) risk factors for heat illness and the self-reported awareness of key Immediate Treatment priorities (recognition, first aid and casualty evacuation). "