Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.

Also Known As:

Networked: 6344 relevant articles (457 outcomes, 327 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Bacteremia
3.	Abscess
4.	Soft Tissue Infections
5.	Osteomyelitis

Experts

1.	Raoult, Didier: 57 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Bayer, Arnold S: 43 articles (05/2015 - 02/2002)
3.	Fowler, Vance G: 31 articles (07/2015 - 02/2002)
4.	Murray, Barbara E: 26 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
5.	Yeaman, Michael R: 23 articles (05/2015 - 02/2002)
6.	Habib, Gilbert: 22 articles (08/2015 - 01/2004)
7.	Xiong, Yan Q: 21 articles (10/2015 - 01/2005)
8.	Singh, Kavindra V: 20 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
9.	Miró, José M: 20 articles (04/2015 - 02/2003)
10.	Raoult, D: 20 articles (01/2013 - 01/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Endocarditis:

1.	VancomycinFDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2001 - "In rabbits with aortic endocarditis due to VanE-type resistant strain BM4405, treatment with a standard dose of vancomycin generated subinhibitory plasma concentrations (i.e., peak of 36.3 +/- 2.1 microg/ml and trough of 6.0 +/- 2.2 microg/ml) and led to no significant reduction in mean aortic valve vegetation counts compared to no treatment of control animals. " 06/01/1990 - "The superior prophylactic efficacy of vancomycin in this endocarditis model related to the superior pharmacokinetic profile of the drug when it was given intermittently at dose intervals of every 6 h." 05/01/1998 - "The study aimed to determine the antibacterial therapy effective in the cure of endocarditis caused by Enterococcus faecalis resistant to clinically achievable levels of vancomycin. " 11/01/1981 - "In this study, 10 patients with infective endocarditis were treated with vancomycin or combined therapy; seven were cured. " 09/01/2011 - "Continuous infusion may improve the efficacy of vancomycin in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus."
2.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1985 - "The in vitro activity of gentamicin was compared with its therapeutic efficacy in rabbits with Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis. " 11/01/2003 - "This study determined the impact of human pharmacokinetic simulation (HPS) on gentamicin activity in an Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis model. " 10/12/2013 - "Gentamicin once-daily in enterococcal endocarditis." 09/01/2013 - "faecalis infective endocarditis continues to be a very serious disease with considerable percentages of high-level gentamicin resistant strains and in-hospital mortality around 20%. " 04/30/2013 - "Our present pilot study suggests that the recommended 2-week treatment with gentamicin seems adequate and preferable in treating non-high-level aminoglycoside-resistant E faecalis infective endocarditis. "
3.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 07/01/1977 - "Based on the results of this study, the authors have been able to modify their prophylactic regime to encompass these organisms and to predict the antibiotics most likely to be effective in the treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis in their unit. " 08/01/2012 - "The best treatment of IE MDR enterococcal endocarditis is unknown and the paucity of antibiotics with bactericidal activity against these organisms is a cause of serious concern. " 11/20/2001 - "Only antibiotics that have been proven effective against endocarditis should be used. " 03/01/2003 - "These data show that selected patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis can be successfully treated with antibiotics alone. " 12/01/1999 - "Long term follow up of prosthetic valve endocarditis: what characteristics identify patients who were treated successfully with antibiotics alone?"
4.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 05/01/1994 - "Combined treatment with teicoplanin+gentamicin may be highly efficacious in patients with endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus sanguis. " 04/01/2007 - "In experimental endocarditis, penicillin treatment induced a significant reduction in vegetation bacterial densities between Tol1 (4.1 log(10) cfu/g) and Tol1DeltaccpA (2.4 log(10) cfu/g). " 01/01/1981 - "High and sustained levels of penicillin in the serum and the myocardium cured enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits." 03/01/1978 - "Successful therapy of enterococcal endocarditis requires the use of a combination of penicillin plus an aminoglycoside. " 01/01/1984 - "Penicillin alone and in combination with an aminoglycoside is effective in the treatment of endocarditis due to all streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus aprophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Listeria monocytogenes. "
5.	TeicoplaninIBA 09/01/1995 - "The efficacy of teicoplanin demonstrated in enterococcal endocarditis represents a major therapeutic advance." 09/01/1996 - "Teicoplanin was effective in the treatment of endocarditis and appeared to be safe given the severity of disease in the patients treated." 01/01/1985 - "Therapeutic efficacy of teicoplanin in experimental enterococcal endocarditis." 04/01/1990 - "The effect of dosage and the relative importance of peak and trough concentrations in serum for efficacy of teicoplanin were examined in a rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis. " 09/01/1995 - "The efficacy of teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, in endocarditis is controversial, with differences observed in the efficacies of the regimens used in clinical trials in the USA and Europe. "
6.	Methicillin (Metin)FDA Link 08/26/1961 - "Staphylococcal endocarditis: report of a case cured by dimethoxyphenyl penicillin." 09/01/1994 - "Results of in vitro time-kill synergy studies using subinhibitory, inhibitory, or suprainhibitory concentrations of bactericidal agents were compared with treatment outcomes of experimental infective endocarditis due to a methicillin-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus. " 06/01/1979 - "In this study, methicillin had the same activity against experimental endocarditis caused by a tolerant and a nontolerant strain of S. " 01/01/2015 - "The most common etiological microbial agent of infective endocarditis (IE) in IVDU is Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. " 01/01/2015 - "A case of primary infectious endocarditis with the lesion of mitral valve in a pregnant woman is reported The diseases was caused by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. "
7.	DaptomycinFDA Link 02/01/2012 - "Our experience suggests that high-dose daptomycin may be a safe therapeutic option in staphylococcal CIED endocarditis and may be associated with high microbiological responses and clinical success." 07/01/2009 - "Daptomycin shows a good therapeutic efficacy in staphylococcal endocarditis: MRSA 71%, MSSA 75%. " 11/01/2008 - "Daptomycin has great promise in this regard as its rapid bactericidal activity makes it particularly suitable for the treatment of bacteraemia and endocarditis." 02/01/2012 - "Daptomycin at the dose of 6 mg/kg/day has been found to be effective in staphylococcal endocarditis, but limited data exist on CIED endocarditis. " 10/01/2010 - "Daptomycin is also effective in treating endocarditis with septic pulmonary infarcts."
8.	Ampicillin (Omnipen)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1984 - "Ampicillin is effective in endocarditis due to Haemophilus influenzae, H. " 09/01/1990 - "Endocarditis due to ampicillin-resistant nontyphoid Salmonella: cure with a third-generation cephalosporin." 06/01/2013 - "Ampicillin (parenteral): prevention of infective endocarditis." 05/01/2007 - "After one month of intravenous ampicillin the aortic valve was replaced after being destroyed by endocarditis. " 07/01/2006 - "A diagnosis of infective endocarditis caused by the Erysipelothnx rhusiopatniae was made, and the patient was treated with aminobenzyl penicillin 12g/day for 6 weeks. "
9.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1994 - "Antibacterial efficacy of ciprofloxacin in a case of endocarditis due to Cardiobacterium hominis." 03/01/1987 - "Using two strains of enterococci, we studied the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of enterococcal experimental endocarditis in rabbits. " 11/01/2014 - "To report successful oral ciprofloxacin therapy for Neisseria elongata endocarditis. " 11/01/2014 - "Successful oral ciprofloxacin therapy of Neisseria elongata endocarditis." 07/01/2004 - "More cases of gonococcal endocarditis (a rare complication of gonorrhoea) may occur with the increase in the incidence of gonorrhoea and the increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin, which is currently used as the first line agent for the treatment of gonorrhoea in 75% of genitourinary medicine clinics."
10.	linezolid (Zyvox)FDA Link 08/01/2003 - "We report a case of resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis that failed to respond to conventional antibiotic therapy but was treated successfully with an oral regimen of a new antibiotic, linezolid as a single active agent. " 08/01/2008 - "Orally administered linezolid is effective in limiting bacterial growth in the secondary foci of endocarditis. " 08/01/2006 - "We carried out a review of the available literature to evaluate whether linezolid is also effective for the treatment of patients with infective endocarditis. " 02/15/2004 - "Eighteen patients received linezolid, which was effective in 14 (78%), including 4 patients with endocarditis. " 02/01/2006 - "There are no experimental studies regarding the prophylactic efficacy of linezolid against infective endocarditis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters 07/01/1981 - "Reported in this article is a case of Enterococcus endocarditis of the tricuspid valve in a patient receiving home IVH; the endocarditis was recognized early using two-dimensional echocardiography and was treated successfully with catheter removal and IV antibiotic administration. " 04/01/1992 - "This study indicates that microcapsule expression attenuates bacterial virulence in a rat model of catheter-induced endocarditis." 12/01/1984 - "In a previous study we showed that the lesions of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis induced by means of implantation of a catheter in the left ventricle (LV) of the rabbit, undergo inner connectivization and surface endothelialization, which are completed within 2-3 months. " 03/01/1983 - "To study the natural course of catheter-induced endocarditis secondarily infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis, 29 rabbits had catheters introduced surgically through the carotid artery to the aortic valve. " 09/01/2015 - "Herein, we report the successful removal of right-sided vegetation using the AngioVac Cannula, a percutaneous mechanical suction device, in three patients who presented with active endocarditis. "
2.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 01/01/2008 - "However, endocarditis after dental or other procedures is rare and it is not clear that such antibiotic prophylaxis is effective in preventing endocarditis since no randomised controlled studies have been performed in "at-risk" individuals." 12/01/1995 - "To assess the relative risk of infective endocarditis associated with various procedures and the protective efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis by a case-control study. " 01/18/1992 - "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of native-valve endocarditis." 03/28/2015 - "We did a retrospective secular trend study, analysed as an interrupted time series, to investigate the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis on the incidence of infective endocarditis in England. " 01/01/2015 - "Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the levels of awareness about antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis are below 100%. "
3.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 05/01/2015 - "Surgical treatment of infective and prosthetic endocarditis using allografts gives good results. " 02/10/2013 - "Because of an early autograft endocarditis a 3-year-old boy underwent homograft implantation and was treated successfully with Bentall-procedure 9 years later. " 11/01/2011 - "We report the first case of homograft endocarditis caused by Campylobacter jejuni, which was treated successfully with antibiotic therapy and valve replacement. " 03/01/2003 - "Our experience with both the Shelhigh No-React SuperStentless and Stentless Aortic Valve Conduit in patients with native or prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis appears to demonstrate good results, similar to those of cryopreserved homografts. " 12/01/1993 - "Similarly, the use of aortic homografts has improved the results in aortic endocarditis. "
4.	Prostheses and Implants (Prosthesis) 04/12/2007 - "Remission of brucella endocarditis in a patient with mitral valve mechanical prosthesis by antibiotic therapy alone: a case report." 03/01/2007 - "During follow-up (mean 8.26 years), two patients died (13%) and six recurrences (five early and one late prosthetic valve endocarditis) required re-intervention for prosthesis dysfunction (40%); an improvement in New York Heart Association class in survivors and no changes in echocardiographic lesions were observed. " 08/01/1984 - "Four patients (2,6% per patient year) developed endocarditis on their prosthesis and 3 were cured by medical treatment alone. " 09/01/1973 - "[Candida endocarditis in mitral prosthesis (apropos of a case cured by a second operation)]." 04/12/1969 - "[Post-abortum staphylococcal tricuspid endocarditis cured by surgical excision and Starr's prosthesis]."
5.	Bioprosthesis 11/01/1985 - "Patients receiving a bioprosthesis for active endocarditis had a significantly higher reoperation rate and a significantly greater incidence of recurrent endocarditis (p less than 0.01). " 09/01/2005 - "Medical treatment is effective in a few instances of endocarditis involving the leaflets alone in bioprostheses. " 11/01/2005 - "The Freestyle stentless bioprosthesis was useful in the management of active aortic infectious endocarditis with undetermined causative organism for the prevention of recurrent endocarditis in the early postoperative period." 01/01/1998 - "This is the case of a patient with late prosthetic valve endocarditis of a Toronto SPV bioprosthesis, who, in spite of large vegetations on all three valve cusps, responded well to conservative treatment. " 01/01/2013 - "Few studies have examined the use of stentless Freestyle bioprostheses in patients with active valve endocarditis (VE). "