Bacteremia

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

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Networked: 6644 relevant articles (419 outcomes, 670 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Meningitis
3.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
4.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
5.	Endocarditis

Experts

1.	Fowler, Vance G: 30 articles (12/2015 - 07/2003)
2.	Hsueh, Po-Ren: 29 articles (08/2015 - 09/2003)
3.	Kang, Cheol-In: 28 articles (09/2015 - 09/2003)
4.	Ko, Wen-Chien: 24 articles (12/2015 - 01/2004)
5.	Sakoulas, George: 24 articles (07/2015 - 01/2003)
6.	Peck, Kyong Ran: 23 articles (09/2015 - 06/2004)
7.	Song, Jae-Hoon: 22 articles (09/2015 - 06/2004)
8.	Raad, Issam: 22 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Chang, Shan-Chwen: 21 articles (08/2015 - 04/2004)
10.	Chung, Doo Ryeon: 20 articles (09/2015 - 08/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Bacteremia:

1.	VancomycinFDA LinkGeneric 10/15/2010 - "A significant increase in the rate of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) bacteremia at our health service, despite improved infection control, prompted us to investigate the cause. " 06/01/2004 - "For MRSA isolates with vancomycin MICs < or = 0.5 microg/ml, vancomycin was 55.6% successful in the treatment of bacteremia whereas vancomycin was only 9.5% effective in cases in which vancomycin MICs for MRSA were 1 to 2 microg/ml. Patients with MRSA that was more effectively killed at 72 h by vancomycin in vitro had a higher clinical success rate with vancomycin therapy in the treatment of bacteremia (log(10) < 4.71 [n = 9], 0%; log(10) 4.71 to 6.26 [n = 13], 23.1%; log(10) > 6.27 [n = 8], 50%). " 11/01/2003 - "The combination therapy resulted in clearance of bacteremia that was significantly faster than that of vancomycin alone in animals with well-established (24-h) IE. " 03/01/2012 - "Higher vancomycin trough concentrations improved outcomes in patients with complicated MRSA bacteremia. " 03/01/2010 - "Further studies are needed to determine if vancomycin should be the first-line treatment for MRSA bacteremia in premature infants and for PVL-positive isolates."
2.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 09/01/1998 - "Four patients had bacteremia that was treated successfully with antibiotics. " 07/01/1997 - "If rapid methods to identify children with occult bacteremia, such as polymerase chain reaction, could be improved and become widely available, then antibiotics could be used judiciously on initial visits. " 05/15/2009 - "aureus bacteremia, in combination with the inherent virulence of the pathogen, is driving an urgent need for improved strategies and better antibiotics to prevent and treat S. " 01/01/2000 - "The better outcome observed in our diabetic bacteremia could be due to adequate glycemic control during bacteremic episode and appropriate choice of empiric antibiotics." 09/01/1995 - "Compared with patients receiving parenteral antibiotics at the initial visit, patients receiving oral antibiotics were in follow-up: (1) less likely to be improved (81% vs. 89%, P < 0.05); and (2) more likely to have persistent bacteremia (5% vs. 0%, P < 0.05). "
3.	AntibodiesIBA 06/01/2003 - "At limiting doses, the polysaccharide-induced anticapsular antibodies also were less effective in conferring passive protection against meningococcal bacteremia in infant rats challenged with a group C strain (P < 0.04). " 01/01/2015 - "This study demonstrates a lack of agreement between nucleic acid detection of Leptospira and single-specimen MAT, which may result from the clearance of bacteremia coinciding with the appearance of agglutinating antibodies. " 08/01/1992 - "These studies suggest that anti-LOS antibodies produced in rats are not bactericidal and do not contribute to protection against experimental bacteremia with BPF strains of H. " 05/01/2012 - "Nasopharyngeal protection, serum antibodies, CD4(+) T-cell responses, and clearance of bacteremia after intraperitoneal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae 6B were evaluated. " 12/01/2002 - "A glycoconjugate vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis induces antibodies in human infants that afford protection against meningococcal bacteremia in a neonate rat challenge model."
4.	DaptomycinFDA Link 12/01/2013 - "Time to clearance of bacteremia, 6-month mortality, and adverse events (AEs) ascribable to daptomycin were also assessed. " 01/01/2005 - "The patient's MRSA bacteremia was cleared with daptomycin therapy (6 mg/kg/d). " 11/01/2015 - "The present study was undertaken to investigate this issue using a genetically characterized series of four isogenic clinical MRSA strains derived from a patient with bacteremia before and during daptomycin treatment. " 07/01/2009 - "Our experience suggests that daptomycin may be an acceptable option for VRE bacteremia; however, larger studies should be performed before this antimicrobial is routinely used for this indication." 10/01/2007 - "Data in the current study provide insight into the clinical experience using daptomycin to treat bacteremia caused by other gram-positive pathogens. "
5.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1994 - "However, in the subgroup of 13 paired animals in whom bacteremia was eliminated by gentamicin treatment, 5 of 13 ENP-treated animals survived 24 hr, compared with 1 of 13 controls (Kaplan-Meier analysis, P = .032).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 01/01/1995 - "The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical and molecular epidemiology of Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia, specifically that involving strains with high-level resistance to gentamicin (HLGR). " 10/01/2015 - "Low-dose gentamicin for the treatment of uncomplicated enterococcal bacteremia may pose harm to children with limited benefit." 10/01/2015 - "faecalis bacteremia, the addition of low-dose gentamicin may decrease the time to bacterial clearance by 10 hours but without any impact on recurrent bacteremia. " 10/01/2015 - "Uncertainty exists regarding the role of synergistic gentamicin for uncomplicated Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia in children. "
6.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1992 - "To the contrary, ciprofloxacin, even at low doses, eliminated the microorganisms early and demonstrated high efficacy in the prevention of bacteremia in the animals when these results were compared with those of the untreated group." 06/01/1996 - "Both regimens were equally effective and safe in the therapy of gram-negative bacteremia, and initial parenteral therapy followed by oral ciprofloxacin was cost-effective." 01/01/1992 - "Antimicrobial therapy alone was insufficient and included intravenously administered ciprofloxacin, which has been reported to be effective in refractory cases of salmonella bacteremia. " 11/30/1989 - "The rate of clearance of initial bacteremia was 67 percent (four of six) in regimen 1, 100 percent (five of five) in regimen 2 and 50 percent (two of four) in regimen 3. Patients in regimens 1 and 3 were able to convert to orally administered ciprofloxacin in 32 (65 percent) of 49 episodes after a mean of six days of intravenous therapy. " 12/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study is to describe clinical characteristics of Salmonella bacteremia in adult patients and analyze ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible isolates. "
7.	AntigensIBA 01/01/1982 - "Antibody against the capsular antigen is protective against bacteremia due to B. " 01/01/2004 - "An improved procedure for studying PAL was used, in which sheep erythrocytes of two types ("antigenic" and those with a complex of antigen + antibody + antigen), which may differentiate the phase of bacteremia and immune synthesis, were used as an object for phagocytes. " 12/01/1985 - "Although bacteremia cleared promptly after antibiotic therapy, circulating PRP could be detected in serum for relatively long periods, with 51% of the patients still having detectable antigen after 30 days postinfection. " 09/01/1983 - "In single serum samples, the detection rate for all four antigens marginally improved the results, with detection rates of 62% and 36% for complicated and uncomplicated bacteremia, respectively. " 08/01/2015 - "In conclusion, the study showed that Uni-Gold™ was not inferior to BinaxNOW® for the detection of pneumococcal urinary antigen in patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. "
8.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 06/01/1983 - "Neither dose of penicillin, administered prophylactically prior to induction of bacteremia, significantly altered pneumococcal clearance of asplenic animals. " 08/01/1989 - "In five episodes, the patients had received an antipseudomonal penicillin and an aminoglycoside in combination, both of which proved effective in vitro against the infecting organism, when bacteremia occurred. " 07/01/2002 - "His bacteremia was eradicated by intravenous penicillin despite the presence of the pacemaker lead. " 05/01/2004 - "The case-fatality rate of patients with pneumococcal bacteremia decreased significantly between the first and second half of the study period, despite the increased prevalence of penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates. " 01/01/1994 - "Of 259 patients who had received quinolone prophylaxis during the study period, 22 (8.5%) developed an episode of viridans streptococcal bacteremia as compared with three episodes (3.7%) in 82 patients who had received a quinolone and penicillin (P = .07). "
9.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1992 - "A multicenter, prospective randomized trial was conducted to determine if the addition of rifampin to a combination therapy of an antipseudomonal beta-lactam agent and aminoglycoside improves the outcome of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. " 03/01/1992 - "Addition of rifampin to combination antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: prospective trial using the Zelen protocol." 07/01/2015 - "After rifampin initiation, resolution of bacteremia was rapidly achieved. " 05/01/2013 - "Bacteremia persisted for a median of 9 (range 6-19) days until rifampicin initiation. " 05/01/2010 - "Emergence of rifampicin resistance during rifampicin-containing treatment in elderly patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia."
10.	Clarithromycin (Biaxin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1994 - "Treatment with clarithromycin resulted in a significant reduction in bacteremia and the numbers of CFU of MAC in the liver and spleen. " 10/01/1993 - "Clarithromycin therapy is associated with clinical improvement and clearance of bacteremia." 06/01/1993 - "On the basis of these data, the assumptions that the elimination of bacteremia observed in clarithromycin clinical trials is a result of the activity of the drug not only against bacteria in blood but in macrophages as well and that the peak concentration attainable in blood is essential for these effects can be made." 01/01/2000 - "Paired clarithromycin-sensitive and resistant M.avium strains isolated at the beginning of treatment and at the first relapse of bacteremia were compared. " 01/01/2000 - "All the patients were on combination therapies including clarithromycin, and all had treatment failure and relapses of M.avium bacteremia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters 06/01/2000 - "Although newer tunneled dialysis catheters offer improved capacity for blood flow and efficiency of dialysis, catheter-associated bacteremia remains an extremely important complication of this access strategy. " 11/01/2001 - "Treating bacteremia without catheter removal would be optimal, but the reported efficacy of systemic antibiotic therapy alone is only 25-32%. " 11/01/1990 - "The semiquantitative extraluminal method for catheter culture yielded less than 15 CFU in three animals with proven bacteremia and should not be used as the "gold standard" to define catheter-related bacteremia." 09/01/2009 - "The HeRO device was studied in a multicenter clinical trial to test the hypothesis that access-challenged patients would experience a statistically significant reduction in bacteremia rates compared with a tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC) literature control of 2.3/1000 days. " 11/01/2005 - "Patients with long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteremia due to this organism can be treated successfully with systemic antimicrobial therapy in addition to antibiotic lock therapy without catheter removal."
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 04/01/2004 - "In a double-blinded randomized and controlled study of patients undergoing renal dialysis, the conjugates induced statistically significant protection against bacteremia for as long as 10 months after immunization. " 01/01/2012 - "the aim of this work was to study the frequency of microorganism isolated from blood culture of hemodialysis patients with suspected bacteraemia and evaluate Sensitivity (S) and Specificity (E) of medical diagnostic orientation in this cases of suspected Materials and methods: we performed an observational and prospective study for one year in hemodialysis patient with suspected bacteremia. " 10/01/2006 - "Two hundred twenty-three episodes of TCC-associated bacteremia occurred in 7 outpatient hemodialysis units during the 2-year study period. " 08/01/2006 - "Fifty patients with MRSA bacteremia undergoing hemodialysis were identified during the study period (high-MIC group, 17 [11 women, 6 men; mean (SD) age, 60 (17) years]; low-MIC group, 33 [23 women, 10 men; mean (SD) age, 62 (14) years]) and matched with 100 uninfected controls (57 men, 43 women; mean [SD] age, 63 [15] years). " 07/01/2003 - "Seven-year study of bacteremia in hospitalized patients on chronic hemodialysis in a single tertiary hospital."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/1996 - "In a study undertaken to evaluate fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in afebrile granulocytopenic patients, an unexpected association between chemotherapy schedule and a later development of bacteremia--during the subsequent febrile neutropenic episodes--was found. " 06/01/2015 - "[Bacteremia due to Rothia mucilaginosa after chemotherapy for myeloid malignancies]." 01/01/2015 - "Bacteremia remains a major cause of life-threatening complications in patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy. " 10/01/2013 - "There was no difference among groups in days to neutrophil or platelet recovery, hospitalization days for induction chemotherapy, and bacteremia. " 07/01/2013 - "Factors independently associated with AR GN bacteremia were high-intensity chemotherapy (odds ratio 3.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.2-11.4), hospital-acquired bacteremia (odds ratio 4.3, 95% confidence interval: 2.0-9.6) and isolation of AR GN bacteria from any site within the preceding 12 months (odds ratio 9.9, 95% confidence interval: 3.8-25.5). "
4.	Splenectomy 01/01/2010 - "Splenectomy is associated with increased risk for bacteremia, due to impaired clearance of bloodborne agents and to altered phagocytosis and humoral immunity. " 04/01/1988 - "Anticapsular antibody requirements for protection against experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia after splenectomy." 01/01/1981 - "Protection against pneumococcal bacteremia by partial splenectomy." 05/01/1982 - "The present study shows that splenectomy does impair the animal's ability to clear a Gram-negative bacteremia." 01/01/1981 - "Results of these studies support the contention that partial splenectomy protects the host against pneumococcal bacteremia. "
5.	Immunotherapy 09/15/2011 - "Six (28.6%) of the 21 patients who did not receive adjuvant immunotherapy had bacteremia, whereas only one (4.8%) of the 21 patients who received adjuvant immunotherapy had bacteremia; thus, the incidence of bacteremia in patients who had received adjuvant immunotherapy was significantly lower than that in patients who had not received adjuvant immunotherapy (P=0.038). " 08/01/1977 - "coli can be prepared safely in human subjects, such immunotherapy should be considered for patients with gram-negative bacteremia." 09/15/2011 - "Adjuvant immunotherapy using liver allograft-derived lymphocytes may be a promising modality for reducing the postoperative bacteremia after LDLT." 09/15/2011 - "The impact of adjuvant immunotherapy using activated liver allograft-derived lymphocytes on bacteremia was retrospectively evaluated by a one-to-one match using propensity score to overcome bias due to the different distribution of covariates for the two groups. " 09/15/2011 - "Impact of adjuvant immunotherapy using liver allograft-derived lymphocytes on bacteremia in living-donor liver transplantation."