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Apomorphine

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A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.

Also Known As:

Aguettant Brand of Apomorphine Hydrochloride; Apokinon; Apomorphin-Teclapharm; Apomorphine Chloride; Apomorphine Hydrochloride, Anhydrous; Apomorphine Hydrochloride, Hemihydrate; Britaject; Britannia Brand of Apomorphine Hydrochloride; Teclapharm Brand of Apomorphine Hydrochloride; Anhydrous Apomorphine Hydrochloride; Apomorphin Teclapharm; ApomorphinTeclapharm; Chloride, Apomorphine; Hemihydrate Apomorphine Hydrochloride; Hydrochloride, Anhydrous Apomorphine; Hydrochloride, Hemihydrate Apomorphine; 4H-Dibenzo(de,g)quinoline-10,11-diol, 5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-6-methyl-, (R)-

Networked: 1675 relevant articles (120 outcomes, 162 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Heterocyclic Compounds: 60

Experts

1.	Antonini, Angelo: 9 articles (04/2015 - 11/2003)
2.	Odin, Per: 6 articles (11/2015 - 12/2009)
3.	Rudd, John A: 6 articles (02/2010 - 10/2002)
4.	Trenkwalder, Claudia: 5 articles (09/2015 - 12/2004)
5.	Katzenschlager, Regina: 5 articles (09/2015 - 09/2002)
6.	Lees, Andrew J: 5 articles (01/2009 - 09/2002)
7.	Stacy, Mark: 5 articles (01/2008 - 03/2004)
8.	Cools, A R: 5 articles (08/2006 - 07/2000)
9.	Stanzione, P: 5 articles (08/2005 - 01/2001)
10.	Chaudhuri, K Ray: 4 articles (09/2015 - 12/2009)

Related Diseases

1.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease) 09/01/2000 - "Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment in fluctuating Parkinson's disease, this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use." 01/01/2008 - "In three pivotal, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, subcutaneous apomorphine was effective in acutely treating "off" episodes, significantly improving Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor scores and reducing the number of "off" hours per day, with a significantly shorter time to patient-declared onset of relief than placebo. " 11/01/2015 - "The change in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score 20 minutes after maintenance dose administration was significantly greater in the apomorphine group than in the placebo group (least squares mean, -24.0 vs -4.1, P = 0.021). " 02/27/2009 - "The result indicated that combined treatment of neurotrophin-3 gene and neural stem cells had a functional impact on reversing the main symptoms of the Parkinson's disease that significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotational asymmetry and improved spatial learning ability. " 09/01/1998 - "A statistically significant reduction in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score was seen following active apomorphine during in-office evaluation visits but not following placebo nasal spray. "
2.	Erectile Dysfunction 03/01/2002 - "To determine the risk-benefit ratio of a forced dose-escalation regimen (2 to 3 to 4 mg) in a European clinical study evaluating apomorphine sublingual (SL) in treating erectile dysfunction (ED), by evaluating the overall tolerability and efficacy of the regimen compared with placebo in patients with ED, and evaluating efficacy by assessing the proportion of successful attempts resulting in sexual intercourse. " 05/01/1998 - "Four of the patients reported erectile dysfunction before beginning apomorphine and two of these report a significant improvement in their sexual function resulting from apomorphine use. " 10/01/2001 - "Sublingual (SL) apomorphine (2 to 6 mg) has been shown to be effective for treatment of male erectile dysfunction. " 08/01/2001 - "The development process for apomorphine SL as an effective treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction has been somewhat unusual. " 01/01/2001 - "Apomorphine SL (Ixense, Uprima) is a new oral medication shown to be effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. "
3.	Vomiting 01/01/1980 - "Octoclothepin possesses high cataleptogenic and anti-apomorphine activities in rats; it is able to exert full protection against apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs after the dose of 0.1 mg kg-1 s.c. " 07/01/1997 - "Neither of the ginger extract was effective against apomorphine-induced emesis. " 10/01/2008 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an ocular insert designed to provide controlled release of apomorphine for the induction of emesis in dogs. " 10/01/2008 - "Safety and efficacy of an ocular insert for apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs." 07/01/2014 - "The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) with different parameters on emesis induced by apomorphine, and possible center mechanisms by brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). "
4.	Dyskinesias (Dyskinesia) 02/01/1994 - "Apomorphine was effective in reducing the duration of diphasic dyskinesias at doses higher than the threshold doses necessary to induce an "on" phase (mean increase: 43%). " 02/01/1994 - "In two patients, apomorphine remained effective in the morning, but increased the intensity of the dyskinesias in the afternoon. " 03/01/2005 - "Animals receiving apomorphine rods showed improved motor function ('ON' state) within 1 day of implantation, and remained continually 'ON' for the duration of treatment (up to 6 months) without developing dyskinesias. " 12/01/2015 - "Our results document for the first time a disturbance of ERK1/2 signaling regulation associated with apomorphine-induced involuntary movements in a genetic mouse model of synucleinopathy. " 09/01/2015 - "Apomorphine infusion(1) is suited for patients whose 'off' periods can no longer be adequately controlled by standard oral PD treatment or for those in whom rescue doses of apomorphine injection are effective but either needed too frequently (more than 4-6 times per day), or are associated with increasing dyskinesia. "
5.	Seizures (Seizure) 07/01/1981 - "The evaluation of 2c on audiogenic seizures in mice, in the protection against paroxysimal EEG and myoclonic response to photic stimulation in the baboon, revealed a similar pharmacological profile in comparison to NPA and apomorphine, with TNPA showing a prolonged duration of action in abolishing myoclonic response to photic stimulation in the baboon." 12/07/1979 - "While both drugs stimulated the brain by prolonging the oligemia-induced seizures in the caudate nucleus and in the cerebral cortex, only apomorphine improved the pO2 distribution in the cortical tissue after 120 min oligemia. " 09/01/1998 - "ECS in rats has several robust behavioral effects, including enhancement of apomorphine-induced stereotypy, reduction of immobility time in the Porsolt swim test, and increases in seizure threshold for subsequent stimulation. " 06/01/1994 - "Apomorphine, a mixed D1/D2/D3 agonist, delayed seizure onset at 100-500 pmol, but not at higher doses. " 10/01/1993 - "Apomorphine (0.02-0.5 mg/kg, sc), a D1/D2 agonist, showed proconvulsant effect on electrically-induced convulsions. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Levodopa (L Dopa)
2.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)
3.	Haloperidol (Haldol)
4.	Dopamine (Intropin)
5.	Dopamine Receptors (Dopamine Receptor)
6.	Metoclopramide (Reglan)
7.	Sulpiride (neogama)
8.	Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
9.	Domperidone (Domperidon)
10.	Pimozide (Orap)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Deep Brain Stimulation
2.	Subcutaneous Infusions
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients)
4.	Injections
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)