HOME PRODUCTS SERVICES COMPANY CONTACT FAQ

Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)

Subscribe to New Research on Parkinson Disease

A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

Also Known As:

Parkinson's Disease; Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease; Parkinsonism, Primary; Lewy Body Parkinson's Disease; Parkinson Disease, Idiopathic; Parkinson's Disease, Idiopathic; Parkinson's Disease, Lewy Body; Idiopathic Parkinson Disease; Lewy Body Parkinson Disease; Paralysis Agitans; Primary Parkinsonism

Networked: 30777 relevant articles (1919 outcomes, 4103 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Dyskinesias (Dyskinesia)
2.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)
3.	Neurodegenerative Diseases (Neurodegenerative Disease)
4.	Tremor (Tremors)
5.	Dementia (Dementias)

Experts

1.	Masliah, Eliezer: 112 articles (01/2016 - 03/2002)
2.	Lang, Anthony E: 107 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Hattori, Nobutaka: 99 articles (11/2015 - 05/2002)
4.	Okun, Michael S: 94 articles (01/2016 - 05/2002)
5.	Jankovic, Joseph: 94 articles (08/2015 - 02/2002)
6.	Poewe, Werner: 86 articles (12/2015 - 03/2003)
7.	Rascol, Olivier: 78 articles (12/2015 - 01/2003)
8.	Dawson, Ted M: 78 articles (12/2015 - 06/2002)
9.	Bezard, Erwan: 78 articles (11/2015 - 03/2003)
10.	Hauser, Robert A: 76 articles (01/2016 - 09/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Parkinson Disease:

1.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1997 - "In conclusion, the dual-release formulation of L-Dopa either introduced or substituted for the best treatment available showed good clinical efficacy and tolerability in all stages of the evolution of idiopathic Parkinson's disease treatment in this 14-week open-label study." 05/01/2015 - "Levodopa (LD) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). " 01/01/2015 - "Levodopa replacement therapy has long provided the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). " 04/01/2014 - "Levodopa is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease. " 02/25/2013 - "The treatment of patients suffering from advanced Parkinson's disease is highly challenging, because the efficacy of the "gold standard" levodopa declines with time. "
2.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2003 - "Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD); it provides substantial benefit for most patients, extends independence, and increases survival. " 10/01/1999 - "The paradoxical hyperdopaminergia in the DAT KO mice despite a marked decrease in TH and dopamine levels suggests a parallel to Parkinson's disease implying that blockade of DAT may be beneficial in this condition." 04/01/2011 - "Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a novel evolutionary conserved protein which can protect and restore the function of dopaminergic neurons in the rat model of Parkinson's disease, suggesting that CDNF might be beneficial for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. " 09/01/2004 - "The primary pathology of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, resulting in a significant reduction in striatum dopamine concentration which is responsible for the altered motor functions. " 01/01/2002 - "The primary pathology of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, resulting in a significant reduction in striatum dopamine concentration which is responsible for the altered motor functions. "
3.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)IBA 01/01/2008 - "Considerable methodological differences in the identified studies complicate a comparison and impede clear evidence as to which dopamine agonist treatment is the most cost effective in early Parkinson's disease. " 10/01/2007 - "At present, dopamine agonists play an important role in antiparkinsonian therapy since they were proved effective in the management of both advanced- and early-stage Parkinson's disease. " 04/01/1995 - "These findings suggest that combination therapy with a partial D2 agonist and a full D1 agonist or monotherapy with a dopamine agonist that has both partial D2 and full D1 agonist properties might be beneficial for treating motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease without inducing dopaminergic side effects." 12/01/2003 - "Oral dopamine agonists are effective for treating early Parkinson's disease (PD). " 12/01/2003 - "Dopamine agonists are effective in the management of both advanced and early-stage Parkinson's disease. "
4.	1- Methyl- 4- phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)IBA 01/01/2000 - "The present study investigates the efficacy of this compound to prevent the behavioral consequences of dopaminergic cell death in the best animal model of Parkinson's disease, the bilaterally MPTP-treated monkey. " 04/23/2015 - "Moreover, StA conferred significant protection against MPTP-induced loss of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in a Parkinson's disease (PD) mice model. " 01/01/2012 - "In conclusion, the present results reveal the evidence that SHXT possesses beneficial protection against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in this model of Parkinson's disease via its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. " 10/01/2012 - "The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned non-human primate is widely used to model Parkinson's disease (PD) and to evaluate the efficacy of new therapies. " 08/01/1986 - "Several classes of drugs useful in Parkinson's disease are effective in reversing MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. "
5.	pramipexol (pramipexole)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2005 - "In addition, pramipexole significantly improved the subitems motivation/initiative and depression in a subpopulation with increased Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale I scores at the time of inclusion. " 05/01/2014 - "Long-term safety and sustained efficacy of extended-release pramipexole in early and advanced Parkinson's disease." 07/11/1997 - "In the present study, pramipexole, a D3-preferring DA agonist effective in treating Parkinson's disease, excited type II anterior CN neurons. " 04/15/2015 - "Intranasal delivery is emerging as a promising alternative for oral or intravenous administration of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, such as pramipexole which is widely used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/2010 - "Pramipexole extended release: a novel treatment option in Parkinson's disease."
6.	ApomorphineIBA 09/01/2000 - "Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment in fluctuating Parkinson's disease, this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use." 01/01/2008 - "In three pivotal, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, subcutaneous apomorphine was effective in acutely treating "off" episodes, significantly improving Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor scores and reducing the number of "off" hours per day, with a significantly shorter time to patient-declared onset of relief than placebo. " 11/01/2015 - "The change in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score 20 minutes after maintenance dose administration was significantly greater in the apomorphine group than in the placebo group (least squares mean, -24.0 vs -4.1, P = 0.021). " 02/27/2009 - "The result indicated that combined treatment of neurotrophin-3 gene and neural stem cells had a functional impact on reversing the main symptoms of the Parkinson's disease that significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotational asymmetry and improved spatial learning ability. " 09/01/1998 - "A statistically significant reduction in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score was seen following active apomorphine during in-office evaluation visits but not following placebo nasal spray. "
7.	Selegiline (E250)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1994 - "The use of selegiline hydrochloride (Eldepryl) has been proposed to slow the progression of Parkinson's disease; however, current evidence suggests that it is only partially effective at best, and there is no definite proof of a neuroprotective effect. " 05/01/2003 - "Deprenyl and other propargylamines are clinically beneficial in Parkinson's disease (PD). " 01/01/1986 - "Overall, (-)deprenyl was effective in the treatment of our parkinsonian patients in the various conditions evaluated, and thus constitutes a new therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease." 01/01/1987 - "It has recently been suggested that deprenyl might be effective in altering the course of Parkinson's disease by actually slowing its progression. " 02/01/2011 - "Tolerability and efficacy of switching from oral selegiline to Zydis selegiline in patients with Parkinson's disease."
8.	Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)IBA 08/01/2011 - "The difference in neuroprotective efficacy of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor seen in our model and the commonly used neurotoxin models of Parkinson's disease, raises important issues pertinent to the interpretation of the results obtained in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease, and their relevance for the therapeutic use glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Parkinson's disease." 11/01/2001 - "2. The neurotrophic factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent dopaminergic (DA) trophic factor that ameliorates the behavioural and histological consequences of lesioning DA neurons in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease. " 04/01/2007 - "Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months has been previously shown to improve significantly motor functions and quality of life measures in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. " 01/01/2006 - "Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months was previously shown to improve motor functions and quality of life measures significantly in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. " 11/01/2011 - "Is GDNF beneficial in Parkinson disease?"
9.	Bromocriptine (Parlodel)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1990 - "This multicentre double-blind study compared the efficacy of low and very low dose bromocriptine in 64 elderly subjects with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/1988 - "For many years, bromocriptine has proven to be a useful treatment for some of the disabling motor effects seen in Parkinson's disease. " 06/01/1985 - "Bromocriptine, in low doses, is effective in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease, while bromocriptine in higher doses is needed in patients with advanced disease. " 01/01/1997 - "A 10-year nationwide multicenter prospective study on the long-term efficacy of bromocriptine for Parkinson's disease is reported. " 08/11/1986 - "These findings may, in part, explain the long-term clinical efficacy of bromocriptine in patients with Parkinson's disease."
10.	rasagiline (Azilect)FDA Link 11/01/2013 - "Rapid onset of efficacy of rasagiline in early Parkinson's disease." 08/01/2009 - "It has demonstrated efficacy in monotherapy for early Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in one large randomized, placebo-controlled trial (TVP-1012 in Early Monotherapy for Parkinson's Disease Outpatients), and has shown ability to reduce off time in more advanced PD patients with motor fluctuations in two large placebo-controlled trials (Parkinson's Rasagiline: Efficacy and Safety in the Treatment of "Off", and Lasting Effect in Adjunct Therapy With Rasagiline Given Once Daily). " 01/01/2008 - "Rasagiline improved HR-QOL as monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease (one study), but not clearly in more advanced disease (one study). " 09/01/2012 - "In patients with early Parkinson's disease, monotherapy with rasagiline 1 mg/day improved symptoms of the disease relative to placebo. " 06/01/2014 - "Symptomatic efficacy of rasagiline monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease: post-hoc analyses from the ADAGIO trial."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Deep Brain Stimulation 12/01/2014 - "The functional state of Parkinson's disease patients with motor disabilities refractory to best medical treatment improved significantly after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. " 01/13/2014 - "Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus, although highly effective for the treatment of motor impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD), can induce speech deterioration in a subgroup of patients. " 01/01/2014 - "Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a highly effective treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/2014 - "Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nuclei (STN-DBS) is an effective treatment for the most severe forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is intended to suppress these patients' motor symptoms. " 01/01/2013 - "Deep brain stimulation targeting the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus internus are highly effective for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. "
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 11/01/2010 - "The results of this long-term study suggest that HUMSCs transplantation, 1 of the most potential treatments for Parkinson's disease, is an effective and safe approach." 01/01/2008 - "Use of P188 may thus be an important adjunct to improve the clinical efficacy of neural transplantation for Parkinson's disease." 10/01/2013 - "Cell-based therapies offer promise for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, durable and effective transplantation substrates need to be defined. " 01/01/2013 - "Striatal transplantation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons or neural stem cells (NSCs) has been reported to improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the low rate of cell survival, differentiation, and integration in the host brain limits the therapeutic efficacy. " 01/01/1998 - "Fetal neural transplantation has been shown to be a feasible, safe, and according to a number of recent reports, effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). "
3.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 08/01/1999 - "For the first 3 to 6 months postoperatively, all patients showed a mean improvement of motor scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), in the best "on" (21%) and worst "off" (40%) UPDRS III motor subscale, a mean 30% improvement in the UPDRS II activities of daily living (ADL) subscore, and 60% on the UPDRS IV complications of treatment subscale. " 01/01/2013 - "Compared with no intervention, physiotherapy significantly improved the gait outcomes of speed (mean difference 0.04 m/s, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02 to 0.06, P = 0.0002); two- or six-minute walk test (13.37 m, 95% CI 0.55 to 26.20, P = 0.04) and Freezing of Gait questionnaire (-1.41, 95% CI -2.63 to -0.19, P = 0.02); functional mobility and balance outcomes of Timed Up & Go test (-0.63 s, 95% CI -1.05 to -0.21, P = 0.003), Functional Reach Test (2.16 cm, 95% CI 0.89 to 3.43, P = 0.0008), and Berg Balance Scale (3.71 points, 95% CI 2.30 to 5.11, P < 0.00001); and clinician-rated disability using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) (total -6.15 points, 95% CI-8.57 to -3.73, P < 0.00001; activities of daily living: -1.36, 95% CI -2.41 to -0.30, P = 0.01; and motor: -5.01, 95% CI -6.30 to -3.72, P < 0.00001). " 01/01/2012 - "Compared with no-intervention, physiotherapy significantly improved the gait outcomes of velocity (mean difference 0.05 m/s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02 to 0.07, P = 0.0002), two- or six-minute walk test (16.40 m, CI: 1.90 to 30.90, P = 0.03) and step length (0.03 m, CI: 0 to 0.06, P = 0.04); functional mobility and balance outcomes of Timed Up & Go test (-0.61 s, CI: -1.06 to -0.17, P = 0.006), Functional Reach Test (2.16 cm, CI: 0.89 to 3.43, P = 0.0008) and Berg Balance Scale (3.36 points, CI: 1.91 to 4.81, P < 0.00001); and clinician-rated disability using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) (total: -4.46 points, CI -7.16 to -1.75, P = 0.001; activities of daily living: -1.36, CI -2.41 to -0.30, P = 0.01; and motor: -4.09, CI: -5.59 to -2.59, P < 0.00001). " 01/01/2012 - "Compared with no-intervention, physiotherapy significantly improved the gait outcomes of velocity (mean difference 0.05 m/s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02 to 0.07, P = 0.0002), two- or six-minute walk test (16.40 m, CI: 1.90 to 30.90, P = 0.03) and step length (0.03 m, CI: 0 to 0.06, P = 0.04); functional mobility and balance outcomes of Timed Up & Go test (-0.61 s, CI: -1.06 to -0.17, P = 0.006), Functional Reach Test (2.16 cm, CI: 0.89 to 3.43, P = 0.0008) and Berg Balance Scale (3.36 points, CI: 1.91 to 4.81, P < 0.00001); and clinician-rated disability using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) (total: -4.46 points, CI -7.16 to -1.75, P = 0.001; activities of daily living: -1.36, CI -2.41 to -0.30, P = 0.01; and motor: -4.09, CI: -5.59 to -2.59, P < 0.00001). " 01/01/2010 - "Mean activities of daily living and motor scores from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale as well as quality-of-life scores were significantly improved without an increase in daily "off" time. "
4.	Pallidotomy 10/09/1997 - "Posteroventral medial pallidotomy sometimes produces striking improvement in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, but the studies to date have involved small numbers of patients and short-term follow-up. " 01/01/1998 - "Because interruption of pallidal outflow signals by pallidotomy is believed to play an important role in the motor improvement in Parkinson's disease, the anatomical relationship of the two major pallidofugal tracts, namely the ansa lenticularis (AL) and the fasciculus lenticularis (FL) to the Leksell pallidotomy target (LPT) were studied. " 07/20/2002 - "Although significant improvement of motor function following bilateral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been proved, the cognitive sequelae have not been clearly defined. " 12/01/2000 - "Electrophysiologically defined lesion of GPi for posteroventral pallidotomy, shown to be effective for treating Parkinson's disease, is located at a significantly different site from the ventriculography based theoretical target." 12/01/1999 - "Despite the findings of significantly improved motor functioning following pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, the cognitive sequelae following surgery have yet to be clearly defined. "
5.	Transplants (Transplant) 10/01/1995 - "To assess the efficacy of fetal mesencephalic grafts in Parkinson's disease, it is important to know if the grafted cells survive and are functional. " 08/01/2008 - "Thus, restoration of dopaminergic activity to the striatum in concert with inhibition of the STN and SN by GABAergic grafts may be beneficial for improving clinical outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease and potential clinical application of this strategy may be enhanced by the use of differentiated hNPCs." 09/01/1990 - "Brain graft surgery: a new treatment for Parkinson's disease." 08/01/2015 - "First-in-human cell transplant trials in Parkinson's disease: The need for an improved informed consent process." 01/01/2006 - "This chapter focuses on cell replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease (PD) and describes experimental data leading to clinical trials, as well as the methodology and efficacy of grafts of human embryonic nigral tissue in patients with PD. "