Abstract |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitute one of the deadliest pandemics in modern history demonstrating cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematologic, mucocutaneous, respiratory, neurological, renal and testicular manifestations and further complications. COVID-19-induced excessive immune response accompanied with uncontrolled release of cytokines culminating in cytokine storm seem to be the common pathogenetic mechanism of these complications. The aim of this narrative review is to elucidate the relation between anaphylaxis associated with profound hypotension or hypoxemia with pro-inflammatory cytokine release. COVID-19 relation with Kounis syndrome and post-COVID-19 vaccination correlation with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITT), especially serious cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, were also reviewed. METHODS: A current literature search in PubMed, Embase and Google databases was performed to reveal the pathophysiology, prevalence, clinical manifestation, correlation and treatment of COVID-19, anaphylaxis with profuse hypotension, Kounis acute coronary syndrome and thrombotic events post vaccination. RESULTS: CONCLUSION: Better acknowledgement of the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical similarities, multiorgan complications of COVID-19 or other viral infections as dengue and human immunodeficiency viruses along with the action of inflammatory cells inducing the Kounis syndrome could identify better immunological approaches for prevention, treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as post-COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions.
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Authors | Nicholas G Kounis, Ioanna Koniari, Cesare de Gregorio, Stelios F Assimakopoulos, Dimitrios Velissaris, Ming-Yow Hung, Virginia Mplani, Luca Saba, Aikaterini Brinia, Sophia N Kouni, Christos Gogos, Mattia Giovannini, Elio Novembre, Vinu Arumugham, Darrell O Ricke, George D Soufras, Kenneth Nugent, Piero Sestili, Robert W Malone |
Journal | Biomedicines
(Biomedicines)
Vol. 9
Issue 8
(Aug 05 2021)
ISSN: 2227-9059 [Print] Switzerland |
PMID | 34440163
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)
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