The Dual Role of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacotherapy.

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related dementia and neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by Aβ and tau protein deposition impairing learning, memory and suppressing synaptic plasticity of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that there is a link between the glucose and glutamate alterations with age that down-regulates glucose utilization reducing glutamate levels in AD patients. Deviations in brain energy metabolism reinforce the development of AD by hampering glutamate levels in the brain. Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid and the major excitatory neurotransmitter synthesized from glucose. Alterations in cerebral glucose and glutamate levels precede the deposition of Aβ plaques. In the brain, over 40% of neuronal synapses are glutamatergic and disturbances in glutamatergic function have been implicated in pathophysiology of AD. Nevertheless, targeting the glutamatergic system seems to be a promising strategy to develop novel, improved therapeutics for AD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in AD pathophysiology as well as the efficacy of glutamatergic agents in this neurodegenerative disorder. We also discuss exciting new prospects for the development of improved therapeutics for this devastating disorder.

• Authors: Vidyasagar Naik Bukke, Moola Archana, Rosanna Villani, Antonino Davide Romano, Agata Wawrzyniak, Krzysztof Balawender, Stanislaw Orkisz, Sarah Beggiato, Gaetano Serviddio, Tommaso Cassano
• Journal: International journal of molecular sciences (Int J Mol Sci) Vol. 21 Issue 20 (Oct 09 2020) ISSN: 1422-0067 [Electronic] Switzerland
• PMID: 33050345 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate
• Glutamic Acid
• Glucose

Topics

• Alzheimer Disease (drug therapy, etiology, metabolism, pathology)
• Animals
• Biomarkers
• Disease Management
• Disease Susceptibility
• Glucose (metabolism)
• Glutamic Acid (metabolism)
• Humans
• Molecular Targeted Therapy
• Neurons (drug effects, metabolism)
• Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate (metabolism)
• Synaptic Transmission (drug effects)