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Dementia (Dementias)

An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.

Also Known As:

Dementias; Dementia, Familial; Amentia; Familial Dementia; Amentias; Dementias, Familial; Dementias, Senile Paranoid; Familial Dementias; Paranoid Dementia, Senile; Paranoid Dementias, Senile; Senile Paranoid Dementias; Senile Paranoid Dementia

Networked: 18504 relevant articles (895 outcomes, 3159 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)
2.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)
3.	Stroke (Strokes)
4.	Vascular Dementia (Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy)
5.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)

Experts

1.	Morris, John C: 70 articles (11/2015 - 07/2002)
2.	Blennow, Kaj: 67 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Aarsland, Dag: 66 articles (01/2016 - 04/2004)
4.	Ballard, Clive: 62 articles (12/2015 - 02/2002)
5.	Mitchell, Susan L: 61 articles (12/2015 - 01/2003)
6.	Trojanowski, John Q: 59 articles (11/2015 - 05/2002)
7.	van der Steen, Jenny T: 55 articles (01/2016 - 03/2002)
8.	Masliah, Eliezer: 55 articles (11/2015 - 01/2004)
9.	Engedal, Knut: 54 articles (04/2015 - 02/2002)
10.	Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: 52 articles (01/2016 - 11/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Dementia:

1.	Memantine (Namenda)FDA Link 03/01/2004 - "In randomized, controlled studies it has been shown that memantine is beneficial in the treatment of moderate to severe dementia of Alzheimer's type and it became the very first compound to be registered for this purpose both in Europe (including Poland) and in the United States. " 07/01/2011 - "Use of ChEIs and memantine on admission was significantly greater in residents with mild to moderately severe dementia (41.2%) than in those with advanced dementia (33.3%, P=.001). " 07/01/1995 - "In patients with dementia syndrome of various aetiologies, memantine produces a rapid onset, clinical improvement in various symptomatological deficits." 01/20/2010 - "We hypothesized that memantine, an anti-dementia drug, may be useful for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness. " 02/01/2011 - "An improved neuronal energy status may thus be involved in the neuroprotective effect under these conditions and may qualify memantine as potential future option to combat cognitive impairments and dementia in diabetes."
2.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 04/01/2014 - "Physicians may justly consider antipsychotics to be the best option for some dementia patients among available nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments. " 04/01/2008 - "There have been increasing concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of neuroleptics in people with dementia, but there are very few long-term trials to inform clinical practice. " 05/01/2012 - "Antipsychotic drugs revealed a similar correlation (3.0 and 8.65), but this has not proven statistically relevant, while in the group treated with antipsychotics a significantly greater progression of dementia was observed. " 01/01/2015 - "However, high adverse events may offset the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in dementia." 05/01/2000 - "Traditional neuroleptics have been the mainstay of treatment for agitated behavior in persons with dementia, but these agents have limited efficacy and are associated with high rates of adverse effects, including worsening of already poor cognitive functioning. "
3.	donepezil (Aricept)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Among anti-dementia drugs, donepezil showed significantly greater protective effects than placebo regarding %TBV/y (SMD=-0.43, 95%CI=-0.74 to -0.12, P=.007, N=1, n=164) and %VV/y (SMD=-0.51, 95%CI=-0.73 to -0.29, P<.00001, N=2, n=338). " 06/01/2010 - "Thus, the early diagnosis of dementia and prompt initiation of donepezil treatment is indicated for a good outcome. " 12/01/2001 - "Patients treated with donepezil maintained or improved in cognition and overall dementia severity in contrast to placebo-treated patients who declined during the 6-month treatment period. " 01/01/2006 - "Treatment with donepezil was only effective in PD patients with dementia, who experience nearly no side effects from the drug." 08/01/2005 - "Donepezil appears to be effective in the treatment of cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with the progressive dementia syndrome in Down's. "
4.	rivastigmine (Exelon)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2006 - "The aim of the present study (a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial) was to determine the utility of the Mattis dementia rating scale - the most commonly used scale in PD patients - to assess the efficacy of a 24-week rivastigmine treatment. " 09/01/2006 - "Compared with placebo, a 24-week rivastigmine treatment led to a significant improvement in the overall score on the Mattis dementia rating scale (p = 0.031), with a trend towards a significant improvement in the "Attention" subscale score (p = 0.061). " 01/01/2003 - "Preliminary data suggest that rivastigmine may provide significant benefits in patients with AD and cerebrovascular disease (mixed dementia), and in patients with VaD. " 07/01/2012 - "Our study suggests that there are differences in the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba and rivastigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. " 12/16/2000 - "Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study."
5.	Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Anticholinesterases)IBA 01/01/2004 - "Observations on the neurochemistry of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have suggested that cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) might be beneficial in treating some clinical symptoms of DLB. " 04/01/2005 - "Recent evidence from small double-blind and open-label trials suggests that cholinesterase inhibitors may be effective in the treatment of dementia associated with PD." 08/01/2004 - "Several small studies with three different cholinesterase inhibitors suggest that these drugs can be effective in the treatment of PD dementia. " 04/01/2003 - "Recent evidence from small studies suggests that cholinesterase inhibitors may be effective in the treatment of dementia associated with PD." 09/01/2007 - "Recent evidence suggests that cholinesterase inhibitors are effective in the treatment of dementia and accompanying behavioral symptoms in PD."
6.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 10/09/2003 - "Risperidone was highly effective and well tolerated in the treatment of behavioural disturbances in dementia under routine conditions of general practice." 03/01/2005 - "In this study of community-based patients with dementia, risperidone significantly improved behavioral and psychological symptoms and, as a result, also reduced caregiver burden. " 02/01/2003 - "Treatment with low-dose (mean = 0.95 mg/day) risperidone resulted in significant improvement in aggression, agitation, and psychosis associated with dementia." 02/01/1999 - "Risperidone significantly improved symptoms of psychosis and aggressive behavior in patients with severe dementia. " 01/01/2001 - "Numerous open-label and, more recently, placebo-controlled trials have documented the efficacy of risperidone in the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. "
7.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2014 - "The quality of biomarkers for dementia have dramatically improved recently and are classified into two categories, including (i) biochemical markers in biofluids and (ii) imaging using radiological technologies. " 01/01/2013 - "Biomarkers may help to identify MCI as a prodromal phase of dementia, so it is important to use them to improve specificity of case selection in future studies. " 09/01/2012 - "Premortem biomarkers that can distinguish between pure AD and AD with multiple pathology will be beneficial in future clinical trials and dementia patient management." 01/01/2015 - "Tau-A showed a significantly greater discrimination between AD and MCI subjects and patients with other dementias when compared to CSF biomarkers t-Tau and p-Tau. " 01/01/2011 - "These biomarkers have helped to significantly improve early detection and also differentiation of various dementia syndromes. "
8.	Amyloid (Amyloid Fibrils)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Identifying mixed dementia from SVaD is important because potential amyloid-targeted therapies may be effective for treatment in mixed dementia. " 09/01/2009 - "Amyloid imaging also shows significant promise in the differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or atypical dementias. " 11/01/2006 - "Novel potential disease-modifying therapies now in preclinical research or clinical trials may be more effective in preventing or arresting the progressive dementia of AD and will provide a test of the amyloid hypothesis." 04/01/2015 - "Novel diagnostic methods, such as cerebrospinal fluid-based neurochemical dementia diagnostics (CSF-NDD) and [18F] amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) are meanwhile recommended for specific indications by international guidelines for the improved early and differential diagnostics of multigenic (sporadic) Alzheimer's dementia (AD). " 01/01/2006 - "Therefore, in addition to symptomatic treatment of dementia, therapeutic efforts are currently aimed at testing the efficacy of disease-modifying, anti-amyloid therapies. "
9.	Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (Rokan)IBA 01/01/1995 - "Recent studies in which EGb 761 demonstrated therapeutic effects in the treatment of dementia have earned EGb the approval of the German BGA (Bundesgesundheit Amt) for use in the treatment of dementia." 01/01/2015 - "These findings have been observed in EGb 761 as well and have led to clinical investigation into its use as a therapeutic for conditions such as cognition, dementia, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. " 09/01/2015 - "Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761): A Proprietary Leaf Extract of Ginkgo biloba Is Found to be Safe and Effective for Treating Dementia." 01/01/2011 - "Treatment with EGb 761(®), at a once-daily dose of 240 mg, was safe, effectively alleviated behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with mild to moderate dementia, and improved the wellbeing of their caregivers." 01/01/2007 - "This trial was undertaken to assess the efficacy of EGb 761 in mild to moderate dementia with neuropsychiatric features. "
10.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 07/01/2002 - "Estrogen therapy was associated with a significantly greater improvement on the Dementia Signs and Symptoms Scale total score than placebo. " 06/01/2005 - "Taking into account the results of the WHIMS and the adverse health events associated with the use of estrogen plus progestin or estrogen alone, we conclude that HRT cannot be recommended as a safe and effective strategy to prevent dementia." 08/01/1994 - "This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of estrogen in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). " 03/01/1995 - "Therapeutic efficacy of estrogen was evaluated by psychometric assessments such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS) and a behavior rating scale of the Gottfries-Bråne-Steen geriatric rating scale (GBS). " 06/01/2005 - "Although there is circumstantial support for the role of estrogen, the unexpected results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Memory Study, which reported an increase in the risk for probable dementia and impaired cognitive performance in postmenopausal women treated with a combination of estrogen and progestin, have raised serious questions regarding the protective effects of estrogen. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Home Nursing (Nursing, Home) 08/01/2015 - "The RCS predicted dementia and MCI in study 2. The 3-item RCS exhibits good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of MCI and dementia, and higher cognitive function on the RCS is protective against nursing home placement and mortality. " 01/01/2015 - "The results from our study indicate that a high intensity functional exercise program improved balance and muscle strength as well as reduced apathy in nursing home patients with dementia. " 12/01/2005 - "Residents who died during the 2-year study period had significantly greater mean rates of utilization of all types of health care than residents who were not discharged from the nursing home, even when controlling for dementia diagnosis, age, functional status, and number of comorbid conditions. " 06/01/2012 - "The environmental dimensions of "maximizing awareness and orientation" and better "quality of stimulation" were associated specifically with reduced hazard of walking disability, whereas the dimensions of the nursing home environment specifically associated with a reduced hazard of eating disability included improved "safety and security," "opportunities for personal control," and "regulation of stimulation." The Cox proportional hazards models using the 13-point PEAP scale were not significantly different from nested models using the 5-point PEAP scale, indicating that the 2 scales did not differ in their ability to discriminate between more and less supportive environments for residents with dementia. " 12/01/2011 - "Findings suggest that soothing music may be beneficial in managing agitation in nursing home residents with dementia."
2.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 03/01/2015 - "Monitoring and managing ADL related to cognitive behaviors for non-medication intervention are very effective in improving dementia patients' conditions. " 06/01/2015 - "Compared with the control group and with pre-treatment in the same group, MMSE, clinical dementia rating, and activities of daily living scale scores in the intervention group were significantly improved (all P < 0.05). " 12/01/2007 - "Additionally, dementia patients in longterm care (LTC) facilities are prone to significantly greater risk of negative outcomes compared with nondemented residents as a result of a decline in activities of daily living, physical capacities, and behavioral manifestations. " 01/01/1990 - "There was significant improvement of ADL in the patients showing a score of more than 10 on Hasegawa's dementia rating scale and in the patients given drugs to improve cerebral circulation and metabolism, but there was no significant improvement of Hasegawa's dementia rating scale. " 08/01/2015 - "People with dementia in the iCST group experienced better relationship quality with their carer, but there was no evidence that iCST improved their activities of daily living, depression or behavioural and psychological symptoms. "
3.	Music Therapy 01/01/2000 - "However, the evidence available suggests that music therapy may be beneficial in treating or managing dementia symptoms, and the predominant conclusion of this review is the highlighting of the need for better designed studies of the intervention." 01/01/2000 - "However, the evidence available suggests that music therapy may be beneficial in treating or managing dementia symptoms, and the predominant conclusion of this review is the highlighting of the need for better designed studies of the intervention." 01/01/2007 - "It was concluded that a reasonable music therapy intervention facilitated by a trained and accredited music therapist significantly improved next-morning cognitive functioning among dementia patients. " 01/01/2013 - "Music therapy has previously been found effective in treatment of agitation in dementia care but studies have been methodologically insufficient. " 12/01/2011 - "As for dementia, some studies conclude that music therapy is effective for preventing cognitive deterioration and the occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2003 - "There is empirical evidence for the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and more limited evidence for psychosocial interventions in the successful management of aggression in persons with dementia. " 01/01/2012 - "The DOCS consultation provided by hospital pharmacists for AD patients and their caregivers improved understanding about the clinical features of dementia and provided pharmacological knowledge about antidementia drugs, leading to better adherence to pharmacotherapy that could maximize its effect." 09/15/1991 - "Effective treatment of patients with dementia involves supporting and educating the primary caregiver, uncovering and correcting the underlying cause of any decompensation that may occur, and deciding when drug therapy is appropriate. " 01/01/2014 - "After chemotherapy her consciousness and dementia were gradually improved. " 06/01/2012 - "The efficacy of pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy, such as cognitive function training, in preventing dementia in MCI patients has not yet been confirmed. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1991 - "The improvement in intellectual function was evaluated by the dementia rating scale for the elderly (DRSE), and a significant increase was found in DRSE after treatment with this drug. " 06/01/2000 - "Fifteen patients who showed mild to moderate dementia improved clinically, and also showed a concomitant increase in their general CBF after treatment. " 02/01/1988 - "Two cases of mixed depression and dementia showed behavioural and mood improvement after treatment with ECT, but without improvement in cognition. " 06/01/2012 - "The purpose of the Lighthouse Project Ulm (ULTDEM Study) was to prove the effectiveness of a single advisory approach in order to provide support services after care level classification and to relieve the burden placed on relatives caring for family members suffering from dementia ("initial case management"). " 02/01/2004 - "However, in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of women 65 - 79 years of age - oral oestrogen plus progestin doubled the rate of dementia, with heightened risk appearing soon after treatment was initiated. "