Accumulating evidence shows that inhibition of
glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) ameliorates
cognitive impairments caused by a diverse array of diseases. Our previous work showed that spared nerve injury (SNI) that induces
neuropathic pain causes short-term memory deficits. Here, we reported that GSK-3β activity was enhanced in hippocampus and reduced in spinal dorsal horn following SNI, and the changes persisted for at least 45 days. Repetitive applications of selective GSK-3β inhibitors (
SB216763, 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, three times or
AR-A014418, 400 ng/kg, intrathecally, seven times) prevented short-term memory deficits but did not affect
neuropathic pain induced by SNI. Surprisingly, we found that the repetitive
SB216763 or
AR-A014418 induced a persistent
pain hypersensitivity in
sham animals. Mechanistically, both β-
catenin and
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (
BDNF) were upregulated in spinal dorsal horn but downregulated in hippocampus following SNI.
Injections of
SB216763 prevented the
BDNF downregulation in hippocampus but enhanced its upregulation in spinal dorsal horn in SNI rats. In
sham rats,
SB216763 upregulated both β-
catenin and
BDNF in spinal dorsal horn but affect neither of them in hippocampus. Finally,
intravenous injection of
interleukin-1beta that induces
pain hypersensitivity and
memory deficits mimicked the SNI-induced the differential regulation of GSK-3β/β-
catenin/
BDNF in spinal dorsal horn and in hippocampus. Accordingly, the prolonged opposite changes of GSK-3β activity in hippocampus and in spinal dorsal horn induced by SNI may contribute to
memory deficits and
neuropathic pain by differential regulation of
BDNF in the two regions. GSK-3β inhibitors that treat
cognitive disorders may result in a long-lasting
pain hypersensitivity.