Intestinal
inflammation has been recently characterized by the dysregulation of
lipids as metabolic and energy sources, revealing a novel feature of its pathophysiology. Because intracellular
lipids, stored in dynamic lipid droplets (LDs), provide energy for cellular needs, we investigated whether they play a role in intestinal
inflammation. In the inflamed intestine of mice, elevated LDs were found in colonic and infiltrating immune cells as shown by staining for the LD coat
protein PLIN2 and for
lipids with
BODIPY. In colonic cells, TNF stimulated LD increases by receptor signaling rely on
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Downstream, TNF triggered a negative regulatory loop between LDs and the
transcription factor FOXO3. This was shown in the colon of Foxo3-deficient mice, where elevation in PLIN2 and
lipids were further facilitated by
inflammation and were more prominent relative to wild-type, whereas, in colonic cells, inhibition of lipogenesis blocked the TNF-mediated loss of FOXO3. Furthermore, blockade of
PGE2 synthesis abrogated TNF-stimulated increases in LDs and FOXO3 inactivation. We found in colonic tissue of Foxo3-deficient mice higher levels of
cyclooxygenase-2, a mediator of
prostaglandin E2 (
PGE2) synthesis, supporting involvement of
PGE2 in the LD-FOXO3 regulatory loop. Ultimately, TNF-stimulated lipogenesis leading to elevated LDs facilitated NF-κB-mediated increases in
IL-8 protein, which is associated with the surface of LDs found in the lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. This novel immunometabolic mechanism of colonic
inflammation involving elevated LDs could provide opportunities for new treatment options.