Primary prevention through lifestyle interventions is a cost-effective alternative for preventing a large burden of chronic and degenerative diseases, including
cancer, which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past decade, epidemiologic and preclinical evidence suggested that polyphenolic
phytochemicals present in many plant foods possess chemopreventive properties against several
cancer forms. Thus, there has been increasing interest in the potential
cancer chemopreventive agents obtained from natural sources, such as
polyphenols, that may represent a new, affordable approach to curb the increasing burden of
cancer throughout the world. Several epidemiologic studies showed a relation between a soy-rich diet and
cancer prevention, which was attributed to the presence of a phenolic compound,
genistein, present in soy-based foods.
Genistein acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of
cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting
metastasis. Targeting
caspases,
B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X
protein (Bax), Bcl-2,
kinesin-like
protein 20A (KIF20A),
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear
transcription factor κB (NF-κB),
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), Wingless and integration 1 β-
catenin (Wnt/β-
catenin), and
phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways may act as the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer,
therapeutic effects of
genistein.
Genistein also shows synergistic behavior with well-known anticancer drugs, such as
adriamycin,
docetaxel, and
tamoxifen, suggesting a potential role in combination
therapy. This review critically analyzes the available literature on the therapeutic role of
genistein on different types of
cancer, focusing on its chemical features, plant food sources, bioavailability, and safety.