Symptoms of the
metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as
insulin resistance,
obesity, and
hypertension, have been associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. In addition, the
adiponectin pathway has interesting therapeutic potentials in MetS. Our purpose was to investigate how targeting both the sympathetic nervous system and the adipose tissue (
adiponectin secretion) with a
drug selective for nonadrenergic I1-imidazoline receptors (I1Rs) may represent a new concept in MetS
pharmacotherapy.
LNP599 [3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-2-yl)-
amine hydrochloride], a new
pyrroline derivative, displaced the specific [(125)I]para-iodoclonidine binding to I1R with nanomolar affinity and had no significant affinity for a large set of receptors, transporters, and
enzymes. In addition, it can cross the blood-brain barrier and has good intestinal absorption, permitting oral as well as intravenous delivery. The presence of I1Rs was demonstrated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes;
LNP599 had a specific stimulatory action on
adiponectin secretion in adipocytes. Short-term administration of
LNP599 (10 mg/kg i.v.) in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats markedly decreased sympathetic activity, causing
hypotension and
bradycardia. Long-term treatment of spontaneously hypertensive
heart failure rats with
LNP599 (20 mg/kg PO) had favorable effects on blood pressure,
body weight,
insulin resistance,
glucose tolerance, and
lipid profile, and it increased plasma
adiponectin. The
pyrroline derivative, which inhibits sympathetic activity and stimulates
adiponectin secretion, has beneficial effects on all the MetS abnormalities. The use of one single
drug with both actions may constitute an innovative strategy for the management of MetS.