Obesity

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

Networked: 51147 relevant articles (1928 outcomes, 6453 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Weight Loss (Weight Reduction)
2.	Insulin Resistance
3.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
4.	Inflammation
5.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)

Experts

1.	Blüher, Matthias: 86 articles (01/2016 - 07/2002)
2.	Funahashi, Tohru: 73 articles (01/2015 - 04/2002)
3.	Froguel, Philippe: 72 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Stumvoll, Michael: 69 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
5.	Xu, Aimin: 62 articles (08/2015 - 07/2003)
6.	Mantzoros, Christos S: 58 articles (04/2016 - 03/2002)
7.	Frühbeck, Gema: 57 articles (10/2015 - 06/2002)
8.	Walker, Brian R: 54 articles (01/2016 - 07/2002)
9.	Matsuzawa, Yuji: 54 articles (02/2013 - 04/2002)
10.	Woods, Stephen C: 53 articles (10/2015 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Obesity:

1.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2007 - "Underlying obesity and increased percent body fat may have been the most counteracting factors on the potential improvement in insulin sensitivity expected with insulin monotherapy." 04/01/1988 - "We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a highly supplemented controlled low-energy (1764 kJ [420 kcal]) diet in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and obesity. " 04/01/2011 - "Although CD36 does not appear important in saturated fatty acid-induced macrophage lipid accumulation, our study uncovers a novel role for CD36 in the migration of proinflammatory phagocytes to adipose tissue in obesity, with a concomitant improvement in insulin action." 01/01/2015 - "Obesity leads to a marked decrease in insulin transport from the periphery into the CNS and the biological basis of this reduction of transport remains unresolved. " 12/01/2011 - "Moreover, a more complete understanding of the relationship between DA neurotransmission and insulin may help to uncover etiological bases for "food addiction" and the growing epidemic of obesity. "
2.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2015 - "Sirt6 loss- and gain-of-function studies have generated confounding data regarding the role of this sirtuin on energy and glucose homeostasis, leaving unclear whether activation or inhibition of SIRT6 may be beneficial for the treatment of obesity and/or T2DM. " 12/01/2015 - "Furthermore, Oga (+/-) mice resist high-fat diet-induced obesity with ameliorated hepatic steatosis and improved glucose metabolism. " 04/01/2015 - "These data demonstrate that maternal protein supplement confers the long-term sex-specific beneficial consequences of accelerated growth and improved obesity resistance and glucose tolerance of their offspring." 01/01/2015 - "When fed a high-fat diet, the Vegfc-deficient mice were resistant to obesity and had improved glucose metabolism. " 01/01/2012 - "Altogether, this work shows that the molecule MIC-1/GDF15 might be beneficial for the treatment of obesity as well as perturbations in glucose homeostasis."
3.	LeptinIBA 04/18/2011 - "The interaction with leptin, which is thought to involve the hypothalamus, may have important implications for the development of new and improved hormonal anti-obesity treatments. " 01/11/2006 - "Absence of MCH neurons in ob/ob mice improved obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, suggesting that MCH neurons are important mediators of the response to leptin deficiency. " 09/01/2004 - "A more complete understanding of the molecular components of the leptin pathway is necessary to develop effective treatment for obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. " 12/01/2003 - "A more complete understanding of the molecular components of the leptin pathway is necessary to develop effective treatment for obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. " 04/01/2003 - "Changes in the biological efficacy of leptin were evaluated in obesity-resistant (A/J) and obesity-prone (C57BL/6J) mice at weaning and after consuming a high-fat (HF) diet for 4 and 8 wk. There was no evidence of leptin resistance in either strain at the start of the study, but after 4 and 8 wk on the HF diet, C57BL/6J mice became unresponsive to ip leptin. "
4.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 05/01/2008 - "It has been proven in many studies that for severely obese patients there is no other more effective treatment of their obesity and co-morbidities than bariatric. " 01/01/2015 - "Despite a high psychological co-morbidity of obesity surgery patients the majority of studies also with follow-ups of more than 5 years demonstrates an improvement in mental functioning and quality of life. " 01/01/2015 - "Postoperatively, all obesity-related co-morbidities were significantly improved. " 05/01/2004 - "BMI fell significantly in both groups, with significant improvement of obesity-related co-morbidities. " 03/01/2014 - "LAGB as a primary treatment for obesity in carefully selected patients aged ≥ 70 can be well tolerated and effective with moderate resolution of co-morbid conditions and few complications."
5.	AdiponectinIBA 03/01/2009 - "We conclude that adiponectin concentrations, clearly linked to metabolic disorders, may diverge among sexes regarding protection against cardiometabolic risk through anti-inflammatory or antioxidative function, Turkish men alone revealing significant dysfunction independent of obesity. " 02/24/2006 - "Adiponectin is a major adipose cytokine that decreases in circulation in obesity and ameliorates obesity. " 11/01/2014 - "[Conclusion] Among obese middle-aged women, regular exercise increases cardiorespiratory fitness and HMW adiponectin expression and therefore can be effective in the prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. " 05/01/2015 - "If this work can be extended to humans, the improved safety and efficacy of these orally active adiponectin agonists could offer a promising new approach to treating obesity-related diseases. " 12/01/2013 - "These data demonstrate that increased circulating adiponectin levels, and the obese environment, are associated with increased adipose tissue vascularization and perfusion, and improved metabolic function under conditions of long term diet-induced obesity."
6.	HormonesIBA 04/01/2014 - "Transgenic overexpression of CTRP9, a secreted hormone downregulated in obesity, confers striking protection against diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. " 11/01/2015 - "Gut hormones may be the mediators of these alterations and therefore exploiting this property might prove beneficial for designing future obesity treatment. " 09/01/2013 - "The data indicate DJBL to be a promising treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes, causing rapid improvement of glycemic control paralleled by changes in gut hormones." 06/01/2011 - "A better understanding of the stimuli that induce the strongest binding with these receptors, and thus induce a strong release of hormones, can be a very useful strategy for the development of novel foods in the treatment of obesity." 01/01/2008 - "Future gut hormone-based therapies may provide an effective and well-tolerated treatment for obesity."
7.	CholesterolIBA 01/01/2010 - "To assess the effectiveness of service organisation interventions, identifying which types and elements of service change are associated with most improvement in clinician and patient adherence to secondary prevention recommendations relating to risk factor levels and monitoring (blood pressure, cholesterol and lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, smoking and obesity) and appropriate prophylactic medication. " 11/01/2013 - "Results showed following CRP, non-obese men had significant improvement in obesity indexes (P = 0.00), lipid profiles (P < 0.05), and FC (P = 0.00) and in obese men, favorable improvement were seen in obesity indexes (P = 0.00), FC (P = 0.00), and total cholesterol (P = 0.02). " 09/01/2011 - "Improvement in detection and control of diabetes and associated metabolic risk factors, particularly obesity and high serum cholesterol, are necessary." 01/01/2008 - "We further conclude that cholesterol supplementation does not induce an obesity phenotype in L-Fabp(-/-) mice, nor does it play a significant role in the protection against Western diet-induced obesity in this background." 08/01/2000 - "All of the sequential steps in intestinal lipid absorption can be interfered with by dietary components or drugs and thus are potential therapeutic targets for inducing a controlled malabsorption of triglyceride, useful in the treatment of obesity, or for rendering cholesterol absorption even more inefficient in an attempt to lower blood cholesterol levels. "
8.	orlistat (Xenical)FDA Link 01/01/2006 - "Xenical is beneficial for patients with DM-2 and obesity because it improves metabolic processes." 01/01/2002 - "[Efficacy of orlistat in the treatment of constitutional-alimentary obesity in patients with high risk of cardiovascular complications]." 01/01/2000 - "Several obesity-related risk factors improved significantly more with orlistat treatment than with placebo. " 10/01/1999 - "In a study of patients with obesity associated with type 2 diabetes, patients treated with orlistat lost more weight and had improved serum lipid profiles compared with placebo recipients. " 03/01/2009 - "Orlistat, an inhibitor of digestive lipases, is widely used for the treatment of obesity. "
9.	sibutramine (Meridia)FDA Link 09/01/2001 - "The study indicates sibutramine to be an effective and well tolerated agent leading to significant reduction in parameter of obesity in obese type 2 diabetic subjects." 01/01/2004 - "Sibutramine is a cost-effective treatment for obesity when combined with diet and lifestyle advice." 05/26/2000 - "The results suggest that these enantioselective metabolites of sibutramine could be safe and effective treatments for obesity as well as possibly for depression." 01/01/2004 - "Sibutramine is a US Food and Drug Administration- and European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products-approved medication with demonstrated efficacy in long-term obesity management. " 10/01/2000 - "An assessment of the safety and efficacy of sibutramine, an anti-obesity drug with a novel mechanism of action."
10.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 08/01/2014 - "Notably, pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling in obese mice ameliorates obesity, reduces blood glucose and increases Ucp1 expression in white fat. " 08/01/2007 - "However, the low levels of running were beneficial, in the absence of effects on obesity or blood glucose, with significant reductions in cardiovascular risk factors and potential delays in beta-cell dysfunction." 06/01/2004 - "Recent studies have shown that addressing the problem of obesity first can lead to an improvement in blood glucose control, accompanied by favourable changes in physiological profiles. " 01/01/2012 - "It also demonstrates potential promise in controlling healthy blood glucose level in obesity linked type 2 diabetes." 09/01/2015 - "Unlike PPARγ full agonists, DSP-8658 ameliorates blood glucose without increasing adipogenesis in diabetic obesity mice."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Bariatric Surgery 10/01/2015 - "Although bariatric surgery is the most cost-effective treatment for severe obesity, less than 1% of severely obese patients undergo it. " 10/01/2015 - "Bariatric surgery (BS) is currently the most effective treatment for severe obesity. " 06/01/2015 - "Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for obesity and metabolic syndrome. " 06/01/2015 - "Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity. " 05/01/2015 - "Bariatric surgery is a highly cost-effective treatment for obesity, yet states have taken varying stances on whether to mandate its inclusion. "
2.	Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) 01/01/2015 - "Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is highly effective in reversing obesity and associated diabetes. " 12/17/2004 - "This study confirms that gastric bypass is a very effective treatment for severe obesity and can be performed with a high level of safety. " 01/01/2010 - "Non-transectional open gastric bypass for patients with BMI of 70 and higher is safe and effective as a one-stage operation for severe obesity." 11/01/2014 - "Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is an effective treatment for obesity through altering several physiologic mechanisms. " 10/15/2014 - "Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective treatment for obesity. "
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/2014 - "The combination of very low energy diet and pharmacotherapy was found to be effective for people with obesity in clinical trials. " 02/01/2015 - "Lifestyle interventions remain the treatment of choice in pediatric obesity, but concomitant pharmacotherapy may be beneficial in some patients. " 01/01/2006 - "These approaches have met with moderate success; and recently with safety concerns, leaving an unmet medical need for effective and safe pharmacotherapy for obesity thereby posing a significant challenge to pharmaceutical industry. " 06/01/2015 - "Obesity pharmacotherapy has seen several false dawns, but improved understanding of the pathways regulating energy balance, and better-designed trials, give many greater confidence that recently approved agents will be both efficacious and safe. " 03/01/2006 - "Neither behavioral, nor dietary, nor drug therapy has been particularly effective either in obesity or NASH. "
4.	Caloric Restriction 01/01/1988 - "Whether caloric restriction can alter the efficiency of muscular work raises important questions regarding the control of energetic coupling processes and the efficacy of exercise as a treatment for obesity. " 02/01/2009 - "We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two low-calorie diets with partial meal replacement plans-a high-protein plan (HP) and a nutritionally balanced conventional (C) plan-on reducing obesity in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. " 08/01/2013 - "Higher consumption levels of phenolic compounds, which are greater in light products, along with caloric restriction and physical activity may be helpful in preventing obesity. " 01/01/2014 - "Lifestyle modification through caloric restriction and enhanced exercise and physical activity remain the first line treatment for obesity. " 02/01/2003 - "Our purpose was to compare the efficacy of low calorie diet and low calorie diet applied together with acupuncture in treatment of obesity in peri- and postmenopausal women. "
5.	Gastrectomy 12/01/2014 - "Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is currently one of the most effective treatments for obesity. " 01/01/2015 - "Eleven patients (9.1%) had regained weighing more than 5 kg. The sleeve gastrectomy is surgical technique that has proven safe and effective in the surgical treatment of obesity and control of their comorbidities in postoperative follow-up for two years." 02/01/2014 - "Through efficacy and improved safety, multiport laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LAPS-G) has emerged as an important and broadly available treatment option for people with severe and complex obesity. " 05/01/2013 - "Efficacy of sleeve gastrectomy as sole procedure in patients with clinically severe obesity (BMI ≤50 kg/m(2))." 09/01/2014 - "Sleeve gastrectomy is an effective and safe method of obesity treatment. "