MUC1 is a
glycoprotein that is overexpressed in
tumor cells. In normal cells it forms a protective layer against microbes and toxic chemicals, besides providing lubrication on ductal surfaces. Oversecretion of MUC1 provide
cancer cells with invasiveness,
metastasis, and resistance to death induced by
reactive oxygen species. MUC1 is made up of 2 heterodimers, MUC1-N and MUC1-C. MUC1-N is heavily glycosylated at 5 regions of the variable N-tandem repeats. MUC1-C is divisible into extracellular, intracellular, and cytoplasmic domain (MUC1-C/CD). The extracellular domain serves as a docking site for
epidermal growth factor receptors and other receptor
kinases; the transmembrane domain serves to relay messages from extracellular to MUC1-C/CD. The MUC1-C/CD has 5 phosphorylating sites that on interacting with the SH2 domain of specific
proteins can stimulate
tumor growth.
Therapies targeting MUC1 consists of
monoclonal antibodies (MAb),
vaccines, or small molecules (aptamers). MAb
therapies are mainly aimed at MUC1-N with little success, however, new generation of MAb are being developed for MUC1-C.
Vaccines (peptide,
carbohydrate,
glycopeptide,
DNA, and dendritic cell) have been developed that recognizes the aberrant glycosylated region of the variable N-tandem repeats in MUC1-N, whereas new generation
vaccines are aimed at the cytoplasmic region of MUC1-C. Aptamers (
peptides that resemble
DNA,
RNA) have been used for blocking the dimerization of CQC region and the 5 phosphorylating region of MUC1-C. In addition, aptamers have been used as cytotoxic
drug carriers. However, none of the
therapies for MUC1 are currently in clinical application, as they need further refinement and evaluation.