Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (gcp-2/cxcl6) complements interleukin-8 in periodontal disease.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Mucosal inflammatory responses are orchestrated largely by pro-inflammatory chemokines. The chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (CXCL6) is involved in neutrophil recruitment and migration. Previous studies have shown that granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 is up-regulated during mucosal inflammation (e.g. in inflammatory bowel disease), similarly to the functionally and structurally related chemokine interleukin-8. Nevertheless, unlike interleukin-8, a role of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in gingival inflammation has not been yet demonstrated. In this study we aimed to evaluate the expression of the chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in clinically healthy vs. diseased gingival tissues and to explore possible correlations with clinical and microbiological markers of periodontitis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Gene expression in 184 'diseased' and 63 'healthy' gingival tissue specimens from 90 patients with periodontitis was analyzed using Affymetrix U133Plus2.0 arrays. The expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 was further confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while the localization of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in gingival tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Plaque samples from the adjacent periodontal pockets were collected and evaluated for 11 species of periodontal bacteria using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridizations.

RESULTS:

Among all known chemokines, GCP-2 expression was the most up-regulated (3.8-fold, p < 1.1 x 10(-16)), in 'diseased' vs. 'healthy' tissue as compared to a 2.6-fold increased expression of interleukin-8 mRNA (p < 1.2 x 10(-15)). Increased expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 correlated with higher levels of 'red' and 'orange' complex pathogens and with increased probing depth, but not with attachment loss. Immunohistochemistry showed that granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 was expressed in gingival vascular endothelium.

CONCLUSION:

The level of expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 correlates with the severity of periodontitis and appears to act as a hitherto unrecognized functional adjunct to interleukin-8 in diseased gingival tissues.

• Authors: M Kebschull, R Demmer, J H Behle, A Pollreisz, J Heidemann, P B Belusko, R Celenti, P Pavlidis, P N Papapanou
• Journal: Journal of periodontal research (J Periodontal Res) Vol. 44 Issue 4 Pg. 465-71 (Aug 2009) ISSN: 1600-0765 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 18842116 (Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Chemical References

• CXCL16 protein, human
• Chemokine CXCL16
• Chemokines, CXC
• Inflammation Mediators
• Interleukin-8
• Receptors, Scavenger

Topics

• Actinomyces (immunology)
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (immunology)
• Aggressive Periodontitis (immunology, microbiology)
• Bacteroides (immunology)
• Campylobacter rectus (immunology)
• Chemokine CXCL16
• Chemokines, CXC (immunology)
• Chronic Periodontitis (immunology, microbiology)
• Dental Plaque (microbiology)
• Eikenella corrodens (immunology)
• Endothelium, Vascular (immunology)
• Female
• Fusobacterium nucleatum (immunology)
• Gingiva (blood supply, immunology)
• Humans
• Inflammation Mediators (immunology)
• Interleukin-8 (immunology)
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Periodontal Attachment Loss (immunology, microbiology)
• Periodontal Pocket (immunology, microbiology)
• Porphyromonas gingivalis (immunology)
• Prevotella intermedia (immunology)
• Receptors, Scavenger (immunology)
• Treponema denticola (immunology)
• Up-Regulation
• Veillonella (immunology)
• Young Adult