Latent Infection

Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.

Also Known As:

Infection Reactivations; Infection, Latent; Infection, Reactivated; Infection, Reactivation; Latent Infections; Reactivation Infections; Reactivation, Infection; Infection Reactivation; Reactivated Infection; Reactivation Infection

Networked: 1953 relevant articles (60 outcomes, 136 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Infections: 526564
- Latent Infection: 1953
  - Latent Tuberculosis: 2281
  - Latent Syphilis: 172

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Tuberculosis (Tuberculoses)
3.	Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
4.	Reinfection
5.	Cysts

Experts

1.	Lieberman, Paul M: 15 articles (01/2021 - 03/2010)
2.	Knipe, David M: 13 articles (12/2019 - 03/2002)
3.	Kieff, Elliott: 11 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Frappier, Lori: 10 articles (12/2021 - 10/2008)
5.	Lewin, Sharon R: 10 articles (01/2021 - 10/2011)
6.	Zhang, Ying: 10 articles (01/2021 - 05/2004)
7.	Coen, Donald M: 10 articles (12/2019 - 11/2005)
8.	Poole, Emma: 9 articles (02/2019 - 09/2012)
9.	Cameron, Paul U: 8 articles (01/2020 - 10/2011)
10.	Slobedman, Barry: 8 articles (01/2019 - 10/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Latent Infection:

1.	VaccinesIBA 06/06/2008 - "Here, we use mathematical modelling to show that, while most TB patients can be cured with present drug regimens, the 2050 target is far more likely to be achieved with a combination of diagnostics, drugs and vaccines that can detect and treat both latent infection and active disease. " 03/01/2013 - "Intramuscular, but not subcutaneous or intraperitoneal, administration of DC/HSV-1 vaccine provided complete protection against lethal challenge and establishment of latent infection as assessed by death and virus recovery from the trigeminal ganglia. " 02/15/2003 - "Guinea pigs immunized with gD2/AS04 were significantly better protected against recurrent disease than were guinea pigs immunized with a gD2/Al vaccine, which suggests that inclusion of 3-dMPL improved protection against latent infection." 01/01/2020 - "In experimental settings, whole-virus vaccines have proved more effective, even when the vaccine virus itself establishes latent infection poorly. " 04/01/2003 - "We speculate that the efficacy of infectious laryngotracheitis live vaccines to protect chickens from latent infection with virulent ILTVs can be assessed by nested PCR-RFLP analysis."
2.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 12/01/2022 - "Only few randomized controlled trials evaluated the efficacy of antiviral treatment in herpesviridae reactivation/infection in ICU patients and all were exploratory or negative. " 12/14/2022 - "Therefore, the next strategy is to develop antiviral strategies to elevate efficacy against acute and/or latent infections and overcome challenges such as toxicity, resistance issues, and side effects. " 01/01/2016 - "HSV-2 maintains a latent infection in sensory neurons and cannot be cleared with antiviral drugs. " 01/01/2019 - "Our study provided practical methods for isolating and culturing duck primary cells, and our results will facilitate further investigations of organ tropism, innate immune responses, latent infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral drugs for treating DPV and potentially other aerial bird pathogens." 01/01/2021 - "Therefore, the next highlight is to develop antiviral approaches to against both productive and latent infections. "
3.	AntigensIBA 10/01/1996 - "The predominant infiltrating cells on days 1 and 2, when virus antigen was present and being cleared, were T cells, both CD4+ and CD8+. Later, large numbers of B cells appeared, suggesting that local antibody production may also be involved in controlling the reactivated infection. " 01/01/2023 - "Our study demonstrates that penton is an important immunodominant target antigen of HAdV reactivation/ infection after HSCT in most patients. " 06/01/2003 - "Recent studies have addressed the pattern of EBV latent infection in healthy EBV carriers and the identity of EBV derived target antigens for CD4+ T cells. " 09/01/1988 - "Studies on the ability of a 98-kilodalton pseudorabies virus diagnostic antigen to detect latent infections induced by low-dose exposure to the virus." 01/01/2019 - "Furthermore, treatment of chronically infected host with antigen-specific non-exhausted CD4 T cells can restore CD8 T cell functionality and prevent reactivation of the latent infection. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 10/01/1992 - "Latent infection of rats in a breeding colony with Bacillus piliformis detectable by antibodies to the agent in an immunofluorescence assay was eliminated by a combination of traditional rederivation techniques, using animal units not previously used for rat breeding, and the use of specific disinfection procedures. " 09/01/2007 - "Our study confirms the presence of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antibodies in patients with TB, and we demonstrate that significant antibody responses are not restricted to active TB disease but can reflect latent infection, particularly in areas with high levels of exposure to M. " 11/18/2021 - "The majority of adults in the world (around 83%) carry antibodies reactive with HCMV and are thought to retain inactive or latent infections lifelong. " 01/01/2017 - "The majority of older adults possess serum antibodies against the virus indicating latent infection. " 01/01/2015 - "An explanation for this could be that serum FLC concentrations reflect the current EBV activity (reactivation) whereas EBV-directed antibodies reflect the extent of previous infection/reactivations. "
5.	Viral DNAIBA 01/01/2021 - "Following reverse transcription, HIV viral DNA is integrated into host cell genomes and establishes a stable latent infection, which has posed a major obstacle for obtaining a cure for HIV. " 01/01/2021 - "It has been proposed that latent infection may be maintained by methylation of pro-viral DNA. " 10/01/2019 - "However, viral DNA was detected in the trigeminal ganglia of animals euthanized at 14 days post-Dx, indicating that both viruses successfully established latent infection. " 01/01/2018 - "In addition, technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have the potential to edit latent viral DNA in sensory neurons, potentially curing the neuron and patient of latent infection. " 09/01/2015 - "The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) predominantly establishes a latent infection in B lymphocytes, but a small percentage of infected cells switch from the latent state to the lytic cycle, leading to potent viral DNA replication and progeny viruses production. "
6.	Histones (Histone)IBA 01/01/2009 - "Since ASF1 mediates eviction and deposition of histones during transcription, the interaction of VZV IE63 with ASF1 may help to regulate transcription of viral or cellular genes during lytic and/or latent infection." 11/01/2008 - "Our studies show that, like herpes simplex virus, murine CMV genomes become relatively enriched in histones in latent infection. " 01/01/2022 - "During latent infection, the viral genome persists as a circular episome that associates with cellular histones and exists as a nonintegrated minichromosome in the nucleus of infected cells. " 11/01/2017 - "Our findings uncover (i) a mechanism utilized by KSHV to maintain latent infection, (ii) a latency-lytic cycle switch operated by K-Rta, and (iii) a molecular mechanism of ZIC2-mediated local histone modification." 11/15/2016 - "Canonical and Variant Forms of Histone H3 Are Deposited onto the Human Cytomegalovirus Genome during Lytic and Latent Infections."
7.	Isoniazid (Ftivazide)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, treatment of latent infection is highly effective with isoniazid administration for 9 months. " 02/01/2000 - "Preventive treatment with isoniazid for 6-12 months is effective in reducing those with latent infection." 07/01/2015 - "The risk of isoniazid resistance must be considered when evaluating treatment options for children with disease or latent infection to avoid inadequate treatment and consequent poor outcomes." 04/01/2009 - "Isoniazid treatment was initiated in those patients with a latent infection, and they were followed up at 2-month intervals. " 07/01/2006 - "Intensified TB case finding and use of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for latent infection reduces the burden of TB, but few programs have been implemented due to concerns about feasibility. "
8.	DNA VaccinesIBA 07/01/2007 - "It can be concluded that although immunization with the DNA vaccine is more effective in both protecting mice and induction of immune response, however it could not completely block the latent infection in sensory nerves." 10/01/2002 - "All the DNA vaccines failed to block the latent infection in sensory nerves." 06/01/2002 - "It can be concluded that vaccination with the cocktailed three gene vaccines is more effective in protecting mice from the viral challenge and the protection rate varies inversely with the amount of lethal challenging dose used, although all DNA vaccines failed to block the latent infection in sensory nerves." 07/01/2002 - "In the reactivation studies, administration of the DNA vaccine combination did not prevent recrudescence of the latent infection after injection of dexamethasone. " 09/01/2003 - "Therapeutic effect of DNA vaccines combined with chemotherapy in a latent infection model after aerosol infection of mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis."
9.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2022 - "Here, we describe a new model system using HSV-1 Stayput-GFP, a reporter virus that is defective for cell-to-cell spread and establishes latent infections without the need for acyclovir. " 10/15/2001 - "To gain insight into this important issue, a single-cell polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantify the effects of high-dose acyclovir on latent infection in a mouse model. " 10/01/2000 - "These acyclovir-resistant TK deficient strains are not able to reactivate from a latent infection in an experimental model, compared to TK positive strains. " 09/01/1991 - "Herpesvirus reisolated from the same patient 3 1/2 years later did not show significant changes in its resistance to acyclovir, suggesting that the patient has a latent infection with a drug-resistant virus." 06/01/1989 - "These results suggest that acyclovir-resistant viruses could establish latent infections in clinical settings and have implications for the use of genetically engineered herpesviruses to deliver foreign genes to neurons."
10.	Complement System Proteins (Complement)IBA 02/01/1977 - "Elimination of latent infection was confirmed by a negative reaction to the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis at 180 days after medication ended and the failure to transmit anaplasmosis on subinoculations of blood from medicated to susceptible animals at 28 days and 180 days after treatment." 03/01/1996 - "Although the complement fixation test (CFT) has been recommended for detecting the presence of antibodies to Babesia spp., it has been demonstrated to have several disadvantages, including false-positive results and low sensitivity for detecting latent infections. " 10/01/1997 - "In contrast, during the chronic stage of the disease parasite-specific antibodies that fix complement and lyse the blood from trypomastigotes are thought to be the main effector molecules responsible for maintaining latent infection. " 01/01/1980 - "It proved instrumental in detecting complement-fixing antibodies in diseased and survived cattle, in calves with a latent infection and in cows with abortions." 01/01/1976 - "Thus the use of the complement-fixation test proved instrumental in determining specific complement-fixing antibodies in animals that had recovered from the disease, or animals that had latent infection or had been vaccinated. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 06/30/2023 - "In children, brief therapy is preferable in both the latent infection and the active disease, as a significant reduction in side effects is obtained." 01/01/2022 - "Our finding suggests that WhiB4 is an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutics, which may help to prevent the reactivation of latent infection, thereby reducing the incidences of active TB." 01/01/2019 - "The establishment of latent infection in long-lived cells is the main obstacle to HIV cure or sustained remission without antiretroviral therapy. " 07/14/2023 - "VDZ may be a safe option for induction and maintenance therapy in patients with CD, even in cases with latent TB infection reactivation." 12/01/2002 - "These studies provide a basis for targeting LMP2A function in EBV latency and may allow for the identification of novel therapeutics for the treatment or eradication of EBV latent infections and associated proliferative disorders."
2.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2020 - "Although combination antiretroviral therapy is effective in controlling HIV-1 infection, latent HIV-1 proviruses cannot be eliminated. " 10/01/2002 - "These results suggest a key role for NK cells in the control of HHV8 latent infection, KS development, and in disease remission upon HAART." 02/01/2017 - "In this study, we measured the latent HIV-1 reservoir harboring replication-competent HIV-1 in resting CD4 T cells in participants on highly active antiretroviral therapy, quantitating the frequency of latent infection through the use of a Primer ID-based Ultra Deep Sequencing Assay (UDSA), in comparison to the readout of the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). " 01/01/2018 - "Here, we present a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of latent infection using simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in pigtail macaques. " 09/11/2015 - "Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is able to control HIV-1 viral replication, however long-lived latent infection in resting memory CD4(+) T-cells persist. "
3.	Stem Cell Transplantation 09/01/2011 - "Human adenoviruses (HAdV) can cause disseminated disease as a severe complication after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and may originate from the reactivation of latent infections. " 03/19/2019 - "Unlike allogeneic transplant, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) represents a procedure with a low-risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) symptomatic reactivation-infection/end-organ disease (CMV complications) and invasive fungal disease (IFD). " 01/01/2019 - "BK-virus (BKV) associated nephropathy (BKVAN) and BKV associated haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) are complications of BKV infection/reactivation in renal and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients, respectively. " 12/01/2017 - "Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation is associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with haematologic malignancy and/or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). " 08/01/2001 - "A retrospective single center study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of valacyclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (reactivation) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). "
4.	Transplantation 10/01/2021 - "In solid organ transplant patients, it usually results from the reactivation of a latent infection, manifesting itself after a few years of transplantation with frequent pulmonary and skin involvement. " 01/01/2020 - "T-cell immunodeficiency after transplantation and EBV primary infection/reactivation play major roles in the pathogenesis. " 01/30/2019 - "Positive urine occult blood after transplantation may be associated with BKV infection reactivation in some of the KTRs. " 01/01/2018 - "Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection/reactivation remains among the most important complications of immunosuppression after transplantation. " 02/01/2013 - "In the second case, reactivation of latent infection developed in a seropositive recipient 9 months after transplantation. "
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/2012 - "The identification of candidates for preventive chemotherapy is an effective intervention to protect transplant recipients with latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis from progressing to active disease. " 01/01/2011 - "It establishes a latent infection but its reactivation has been observed in patients receiving long-term chemotherapy. " 05/01/2004 - "There is recent interest to develop new TB drugs that target persistent and dormant bacilli and also immunotherapeutic agents that enhance chemotherapy and better control latent infection. " 05/01/2004 - "The role of psychoneuroendocrinological factors in TB, which is often ignored in the era of modern chemotherapy but could be important for controlling latent infection, is also briefly reviewed. " 01/01/2014 - "A remarkably low proportion of individuals with latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis belonging to classical risk groups for tuberculosis are considered candidates for preventive chemotherapy in Germany. "