Social Phobia

Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent and irrational fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social or performance situations.

Also Known As:

Phobia, Social; Social Anxiety Disorder; Anxiety Disorder, Social; Disorder, Social Anxiety; Evaluation Fear, Social; Social Anxiety Disorders; Social Evaluation Fear; Social Evaluation Phobias; Social Phobias; Sociophobias; Fear of Social Evaluation; Phobia, Social Evaluation; Social Evaluation Phobia; Sociophobia

Networked: 1324 relevant articles (246 outcomes, 389 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Mental Disorders: 24177
- Anxiety Disorders: 7356
  - Phobic Disorders: 1089
    - Social Phobia: 1324

Related Diseases

1.	Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)
2.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)
3.	Social Phobia
4.	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive)
5.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Experts

1.	Stein, Dan J: 28 articles (08/2020 - 02/2002)
2.	Stein, Murray B: 24 articles (11/2021 - 01/2002)
3.	Pollack, Mark H: 23 articles (01/2020 - 09/2002)
4.	Liebowitz, Michael R: 22 articles (01/2021 - 01/2002)
5.	Furmark, Tomas: 20 articles (11/2021 - 05/2002)
6.	Hofmann, Stefan G: 20 articles (01/2020 - 01/2006)
7.	Heimberg, Richard G: 17 articles (10/2021 - 01/2002)
8.	Simon, Naomi M: 17 articles (05/2014 - 09/2002)
9.	Stangier, Ulrich: 16 articles (01/2020 - 07/2011)
10.	Leichsenring, Falk: 15 articles (01/2022 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Social Phobia:

1.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 12/01/2004 - "SSRIs are only effective in approximately 50% of individuals with generalized social phobia and can be associated with significant side effects. " 01/01/2008 - "The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the efficacy of two major treatments for social anxiety disorders in children: cognitive-behavioral therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug treatment. " 01/01/2007 - "To understand better the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in social anxiety disorder, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were evaluated. " 01/01/2000 - "In the cases of OCD and social phobia, SSRIs are almost always preferable given that the TCAs do not appear effective in these disorders. " 02/01/2007 - "Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of serotonergic antidepres-sants, particularly the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), in the treatment of social phobia. "
2.	Paroxetine (Paxil)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2005 - "Paroxetine has been the most studied agent in social anxiety disorder and has been shown to be effective in short-term, fixed- and flexible-dose placebo-controlled trials, as well as in long-term treatment. " 09/01/1998 - "Paroxetine, the most thoroughly studied SSRI, has been shown to be effective in treating the symptoms of generalized social phobia in a large-scale, placebo-controlled trial. " 08/01/2003 - "Treatment with paroxetine was associated with a significant improvement in standard social-phobia scores, although most patients remained symptomatic. " 10/01/2001 - "Subjects were 14 patients with generalized social phobia who were less than "very much improved" on the Clinical Global Impression scale after at least 10 weeks of treatment with a maximally tolerated dose of paroxetine. " 12/01/2002 - "Compared with placebo, paroxetine treatment significantly (P<.001) improved the symptoms of social anxiety as shown on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Social Phobia Inventory, Sheehan Disability Scale, Symptom Checklist-90 score, and EuroQol visual analogue scale, indicating decreased disability and increased well-being. "
3.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2003 - "With its beneficial side-effect profile and proven efficacy in social anxiety disorder, sertraline can be considered a valuable addition to the variety of treatments currently available for this disorder." 12/01/2000 - "Fifty adult outpatients with generalized social phobia who were rated much or very much improved on the Clinical Global Impression Scale of Improvement (CGI-I) after 20 weeks of sertraline treatment (50-200 mg/day) were randomly assigned in a one-to-one ratio to either continue double-blind treatment with sertraline or immediately switch to placebo for another 24 weeks. " 01/01/2018 - "glauca standardized extract, a significant reduction in anxiety was observed, with a value (in the Brief Social Phobia Scale) of 41.1±10.3 points at the start and 11.2±5.6 points at the end of treatment, while patients treated with sertraline had a value of 37.7±7.3 points at the beginning and 11.1±5.2 points at the end. " 05/01/2001 - "In open treatment, sertraline resulted in significant improvement in symptoms of childhood social anxiety disorder. " 06/01/2015 - "The results indicated that short-term dynamic psychotherapy sertraline are effective in decreasing social phobia symptoms and were superior to control group."
4.	Escitalopram FDA Link 10/01/2005 - "Escitalopram has proven efficacy in the short-term treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD). " 01/01/2016 - "In this first 52-week clinical study of social anxiety disorder, escitalopram 10-20 mg/day was safe, well tolerated, and effective in Japanese patients." 05/31/2016 - "Early Improvement in One Week Predicts the Treatment Response to Escitalopram in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder: A Preliminary Study." 01/01/2016 - "Efficacy of escitalopram in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis versus placebo." 01/01/2004 - "Escitalopram in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: analysis of efficacy for different clinical subgroups and symptom dimensions."
5.	Fluvoxamine (Luvox)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2004 - "Both physician and patient-rated scales indicate that fluvoxamine CR is effective and safe for the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder." 02/01/2004 - "In summary, fluvoxamine CR is an efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder." 11/01/1999 - "Randomized clinical trials are needed to further demonstrate the efficacy of fluvoxamine in the treatment of social phobia." 04/01/2007 - "Fluvoxamine treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder in Japan: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study." 04/01/2004 - "We report the results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fluvoxamine controlled release (CR) to placebo in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder. "
6.	Venlafaxine Hydrochloride (Effexor)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "Efficacy of low and higher dose extended-release venlafaxine in generalized social anxiety disorder: a 6-month randomized controlled trial." 11/15/2007 - "Venlafaxine ER is an effective and reasonably well-tolerated treatment for generalized social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. " 11/15/2007 - "The objective of the randomized, masked controlled trial conducted in 48 academic and community centers in the United States was to evaluate the efficacy of venlafaxine ER in children and adolescents with generalized social anxiety disorder. " 01/01/2005 - "Venlafaxine appears an effective short-term treatment for social anxiety disorder in two controlled studies. " 10/01/2004 - "This placebo-controlled, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial examined the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine ER in outpatients with generalized social anxiety disorder. "
7.	Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor)IBA 06/01/1994 - "Previous studies have shown selective and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) to be effective in the treatment of social phobia. " 12/01/2002 - "The efficacy of irreversible and reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in the treatment of social phobia (SP) is well established. " 01/01/1999 - "Efficacy in social phobia was reported with the MAOIs and this led to the investigation of reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A (RIMA) which offer a safer alternative. " 04/01/1992 - "Overall, the findings support the responsivity of social phobia to monoamine oxidase inhibitors." 01/01/1992 - "The monoamine oxidase inhibitors have also proved very useful in the treatment of panic disorder and social phobia, but probably should be used only by physicians with experience with this type of medication."
8.	BenzodiazepinesIBA 06/01/1994 - "The authors review the results of studies concerning the use of high-potency benzodiazepines in the treatment of social phobia. " 07/01/2014 - "The role of benzodiazepines in treating social anxiety disorder." 07/28/2011 - "Conversely, number and presence of generalized anxiety symptoms and presence of social phobia symptoms predicted current non-prescribed benzodiazepine and alcohol use, respectively. " 01/01/2004 - "Benzodiazepines have been found to be a superior treatment in social anxiety disorder. " 06/01/1994 - "Finally, the authors discuss general issues concerning the relapse of patients upon drug discontinuation, the long-term use of benzodiazepines, and other important issues concerning the use of these agents for the treatment of social phobia."
9.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 05/01/2011 - "A growing number of controlled clinical trials suggest that different second-generation antidepressants (SGA) may be effective in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). " 09/01/2005 - "While serotonergic antidepressants are now established as first-line pharamcotherapy for generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD), other agents with different mechanisms have shown promise in treating SAD. " 01/01/2016 - "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder Who Remain Symptomatic following Antidepressant Treatment: A Randomized, Assessor-Blinded, Controlled Trial." 05/01/2011 - "Second-generation antidepressants in social anxiety disorder: meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials." 04/01/2004 - "This is a naturalistic treatment outcome study investigating the impact of pre-existing antidepressant use on the effectiveness of group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for social phobia. "
10.	Moclobemide (Arima)IBA 01/01/2001 - "Moclobemide produced a statistically significant, but clinically modest, degree of improvement in social phobia symptoms. " 01/01/1999 - "The efficacy of moclobemide has been shown in social phobia and the effect is more clear cut in patients with more severe symptoms. " 01/01/1994 - "Moclobemide was effective in both major components of social phobia (fear and avoidance). " 06/01/1996 - "The efficacy of moclobemide in social phobia has been demonstrated in short-term treatment for up to 12 weeks in three placebo-controlled studies. " 06/01/1996 - "This paper reviews the efficacy of moclobemide in social phobia."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2018 - "Change in decentering predicted improvement on most, but not all, measures of outcome and those who no longer met criteria for social anxiety disorder at posttreatment had significantly greater change in decentering across therapy and significantly higher decentering scores at post-treatment compared to those who retained a social anxiety disorder diagnosis at posttreatment. " 01/01/2006 - "Seeing the long duration of the disease in our sample, and the lack of specific therapies in many cases, the identification and the treatment of social phobia must be improved, and the role of the psychiatrists in this process seems very important." 01/01/2015 - "Despite strong support for the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD), little is known about mechanisms of change in treatment. " 08/01/2008 - "To examine whether and how different patterns of psychotherapy history (no prior therapy, successful therapy experience, and unsuccessful therapy experience) affect the outcome of future treatment among patients undergoing cognitive-behavioural group therapy for social anxiety disorder. " 03/01/2005 - "A pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral group therapy program for adolescents with social phobia, simplified both in terms of time and labor intensity from a previously studied program (Social Effectiveness Therapy for Children and Adolescents) to be more appropriate for a community outpatient psychiatric setting. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2001 - "The purposes of this article are to (1) enumerate and describe the varieties of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that have been applied to the treatment of social phobia, (2) provide a meta-analytic overview of the efficacy of these approaches, (3) examine the relative utility of CBT versus that of pharmacotherapy for social phobia, (4) examine the potential utility of multidisciplinary approaches to treatment, and (5) discuss possible future directions in the development of psychotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of social phobia, including the use of computers as adjunctive tools." 11/01/2014 - "Update on the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis." 11/01/2018 - "The results of the present study demonstrate changes during pharmacotherapy in the manifestation of affect, interpersonal behaviour and interpersonal perception in the daily lives of people with social anxiety disorder. " 01/01/2018 - "The objectives of this study were: 1) to describe mental health service utilization in a cohort of primary care patients with social anxiety disorder; 2) to examine treatment adequacy for pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy according to indicators based on clinical practice guidelines; and 3) to explore correlates of treatment adequacy. " 01/01/2009 - "In this article, treatment studies of pharmacotherapy of social phobia are summarized. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 03/01/2024 - "Although cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder, many socially anxious patients are still symptomatic after treatment. " 03/17/2015 - "Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), but many patients do not respond sufficiently and a substantial proportion relapse after treatment has ended. " 12/01/1995 - "Exposure has fared well as a treatment for social phobia and, in every case, within-group analyses show that patients have improved after treatment. " 07/01/2013 - "To determine whether there are differences in quality of life (QoL) improvement after treatment with the trial-based thought record (TBTR) versus conventional cognitive therapy (CCT) in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). " 01/01/2011 - "In this study, the authors examined the relations among clinician ratings of treatment improvement and discrepancies between parent and blinded laboratory rater reports of child social functioning administered before and after treatment for social anxiety disorder. "
4.	Secondary Prevention 11/15/2004 - "Early recognition of social phobia and adequate interventions is warranted for these patients in order to improve their treatment response with regard to quality of life and relapse prevention." 06/01/2010 - "Double-blind placebo-controlled studies with relapse prevention designs in Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder were identified in a systematic literature search. " 01/01/2004 - "Escitalopram has demonstrated efficacy for the acute treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in two placebo-controlled trials and for long-term treatment in a relapse-prevention study. " 12/01/2002 - "Efficacy of paroxetine for relapse prevention in social anxiety disorder: a 24-week study." 11/01/2008 - "Analysis of health-related quality of life and costs based on a randomised clinical trial of escitalopram for relapse prevention in patients with generalised social anxiety disorder."
5.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 01/01/2013 - "Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature." 01/01/2023 - "In very preliminary findings: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was effective in GAD; transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was effective for social anxiety disorder (SAD) and GAD and augmented exposure therapy for specific fears. " 08/01/2015 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown promising results in treating individuals with behavioral disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. " 01/01/2019 - "Based on the DSM-V classification for anxiety disorders, we examined all available research using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment of specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. "