HOME PRODUCTS SERVICES COMPANY CONTACT FAQ

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)

Subscribe to New Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.

Also Known As:

PTSD; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Posttraumatic Stress Disorders; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Delayed Onset Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Neuroses, Posttraumatic; Stress Disorder, Post Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Posttraumatic; Acute Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Chronic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Delayed Onset Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Neuroses, Post Traumatic; Post Traumatic Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic Neuroses; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Posttraumatic Neuroses; Stress Disorder, Post-Traumatic; Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic; Stress Disorders, Post Traumatic; Neuroses, Post-Traumatic

Networked: 3843 relevant articles (423 outcomes, 1081 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Mental Disorders: 2989
- Anxiety Disorders: 4394
  - Traumatic Stress Disorders: 2
    - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: 3843

Related Diseases

1.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
2.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
3.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)
4.	Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)
5.	Substance-Related Disorders (Drug Abuse)

Experts

1.	Yehuda, Rachel: 98 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
2.	Ressler, Kerry J: 38 articles (09/2015 - 03/2006)
3.	Stein, Dan J: 36 articles (02/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Neylan, Thomas C: 35 articles (05/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Pitman, Roger K: 31 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Beckham, Jean C: 29 articles (09/2015 - 12/2002)
7.	Davidson, Jonathan R T: 29 articles (05/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Vermetten, Eric: 29 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Bierer, Linda M: 28 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
10.	Koenen, Karestan C: 27 articles (07/2015 - 06/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders:

1.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 07/01/1996 - "The treatment was found to be effective in alleviating a broad spectrum of difficulties in combat veterans with chronic PTSD, most of whom had co-occurring Axis I and/or Axis II disorders. " 09/05/2013 - "A significantly greater proportion of participants with BDI had co-occurring PTSD at time of study entry (Χ(2)(1)=12.6; p<.001). " 09/01/2011 - "Combat-exposed veterans with PTSD and their unexposed co-twins had significantly greater activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate and tended to have larger response time difference scores, as compared to combat-exposed veterans without PTSD and their co-twins. " 11/01/2009 - "The growing cohort of military personnel with high rates of exposure to TBI and concurrent PTSD calls attention to the need for improved treatment strategies, and for clarification of whether medications currently used to treat PTSD or the sequelae of TBI are effective in the co-morbid condition. " 01/01/2014 - "More research is needed to elucidate what treatments are effective in PTSD and TBI co-morbidity and on factors predictive of treatment success."
2.	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 01/01/2004 - "Although acute treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been shown to be effective, successful strategies for preventing PTSD have not been established. " 01/01/2014 - "Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective in improving PTSD global symptoms, they have a variable and modest effect on sleep disorder symptoms. " 11/01/2002 - "Considering reported overall efficacy and side effects profiles, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors emerge as the preferred first line treatment for PTSD. " 08/01/2001 - "The emergence of consistent data suggesting that medications (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and psychotherapies (cognitive-behavior therapy) are effective in reducing core symptoms and improving quality of life, has reinforced optimism and more widespread use of these interventions in patients with PTSD." 02/01/2006 - "At present, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) show therapeutic promise for the treatment of PTSD. "
3.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2001 - "The results of the current study suggest that sertraline is a safe, well-tolerated, and significantly effective treatment for PTSD." 04/01/2015 - "Clinically significant reductions in both PTSD and AUD severity were achieved and sustained through 12-months follow-up, Moreover, greater mean improvement in PTSD symptoms was observed across all follow-up assessments in the SS plus sertraline group. " 04/01/2015 - "The SS plus sertraline group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in PTSD symptoms than the SS plus placebo group at end-of-treatment (M difference = -16.15, p = .04, d = 0.83), which was sustained at 6- and 12-month follow-up (M difference = -13.81, p = .04, d = 0.71, and M difference = -12.72, p = .05, d = 0.65, respectively). " 07/01/2007 - "Both groups experienced significant improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder and other clinical outcomes from pre- to posttreatment with no significant group x time differences between groups except in Child Global Assessment Scale ratings, which favored the TF-CBT + sertraline group. " 10/01/2006 - "Results indicated that sertraline led to a significant reduction in PTSD severity after 10 weeks but was associated with no further reductions after five more weeks. "
4.	Paroxetine (Paxil)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1998 - "Because paroxetine seems a highly promising treatment for all three symptom clusters of PTSD, a placebo-controlled clinical trial is warranted." 01/01/2012 - "Patients treated with prolonged exposure plus paroxetine experienced significantly greater improvement in PTSD symptoms (incidence rate ratio=0.50, 95% CI=0.30-0.85) and remission status (odds ratio=12.6, 95% CI=1.23-129) during 10 weeks of combined treatment than patients treated with prolonged exposure plus placebo. " 10/01/2003 - "Paroxetine is effective in the short-term treatment of PTSD, resulting in significantly better response and remission rates than placebo, improving sleep disturbance and reducing each of the symptom clusters of PTSD, as well as the disability associated with this condition. " 12/01/2001 - "Moreover, paroxetine treatment resulted in statistically significant improvement compared to placebo on all three PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal), social and occupational impairment, and comorbid depression. " 11/01/2001 - "At week 12, compared with the placebo group (N = 156), the paroxetine group (N = 151) showed significantly greater reduction of PTSD symptoms on both of the primary and all of the secondary outcome measures. "
5.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "There was a significant association between decline in glucocorticoid responsiveness and improvement in PTSD symptoms among hydrocortisone recipients. " 01/01/2015 - "Hydrocortisone augmentation was associated with greater reduction in total PTSD symptoms compared to placebo, a finding that was explained by significantly greater patient retention in the hydrocortisone augmentation condition. " 01/01/2009 - "Among bereaved, those with PTSD without comorbid MDD had significantly greater afternoon postdexamethasone cortisol suppression than those without psychiatric disorders. " 06/01/2008 - "PTSD severity was associated with significantly greater cortisol output the first hour after awakening, while more chronic abuse was associated with lower total cortisol output in the first hour after awakening. " 04/15/2007 - "Compared with bereaved children without psychopathology, bereaved children with PTSD had significantly lower 4:00 pm baseline cortisol and significantly greater 4:00 pm cortisol suppression. "
6.	Prazosin (Minipress)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2005 - "Prazosin appeared highly beneficial for combat-related nightmares characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder among troops recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. " 09/01/2015 - "Prazosin has been proven to be safe and effective in the management of nightmares and sleep disturbances associated with PTSD and is indicated where these distressing symptoms are present." 02/01/2014 - "We report that high-dose prazosin was safe, tolerable and effective for PTSD in adults. " 02/01/2003 - "Total score and symptom cluster scores for reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale also were significantly more improved in the prazosin condition, and prazosin was well tolerated. " 07/01/2002 - "There also was at least some improvement in CGI-C ratings of overall PTSD severity exclusive of nightmares in a substantial majority of patients receiving prazosin, but not in the 8 comparison subjects. "
7.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 11/01/1995 - "The serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors have been shown preliminarily to be effective in decreasing symptoms of PTSD but have not been studied in individuals with comorbid alcohol dependence. " 03/15/2009 - "The authors examined whether features of the social environment (county-level crime rate and unemployment) modified the association between the serotonin protein gene (SLC6A4) promoter variant (5-HTTLPR) and risk of current PTSD in a sample of 590 participants from the 2004 Florida Hurricane Study. " 02/15/2008 - "This study examined platelet 5-HT concentration by the spectrofluorimetric method in male subjects: 73 suicidal and 47 non-suicidal veterans with current and chronic combat related PTSD, 45 suicidal and 30 non-suicidal comparative non-PTSD subjects and 147 healthy men. " 09/05/2003 - "Due to the putative role of serotonin in anxiety and stress, and in the treatment of PTSD, hippocampal 5HT(1A) and prefrontal cortex 5HT(2A) radioligand binding studies were performed. " 07/01/2003 - "The present study focused on platelet serotonin (5-HT) concentration and symptoms of comorbid depression in war veterans with or without PTSD. "
8.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 09/01/2014 - "In this context, a number of small, open-label studies and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have found atypical antipsychotics (AAs) to be a beneficial treatment for patients with PTSD. " 11/01/2013 - "In particular, atypical antipsychotics also seem to be effective in treating anxiety, depression, and psychotic symptoms frequently accompanied by PTSD. " 08/01/2008 - "Antipsychotic drugs, especially atypical ones, have been shown effective in PTSD patients with psychotic characteristics or refractoriness to other treatments. " 11/01/2013 - "This review found that atypical antipsychotics are effective and safe in treating PTSD, although there were some negative findings. " 09/01/2003 - "The newer atypical antipsychotics show promise for the treatment of PTSD, mainly ameliorating intrusive symptoms. "
9.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 11/01/2015 - "From before birth to 18 months postbaseline, MOMCare (n = 83) compared to MSS-Plus participants (n = 85) attained significantly lower levels of depression severity (Wald's χ(2) = 6.09, df = 1, P = .01) and PTSD severity (Wald's χ(2) = 4.61, df = 1, P = .04), higher rates of depression remission (Wald's χ(2) = 3.67, df = 1, P = .05), and had a greater likelihood of receiving ≥4 mental health visits (Wald's χ(2) = 58.23, df = 1, P < .0001) and of adhering to antidepressants in the prior month (Wald's χ(2) = 10.00, df = 1, P < .01). " 06/01/1994 - "What has emerged from the available data is that antidepressants, particularly those with serotoninergic properties, are helpful for core PTSD symptoms when given at higher dose levels for at least 5 to 8 weeks. " 04/01/2006 - "The main aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of different class of antidepressant drugs on the PTSD. " 06/01/2010 - "Serotoninergic effect of antidepressants is not only effective in treating depression, but also appears to be helpful in PTSD treatment, particularly in reduction of intrusive symptoms, emotional reactivity, impulsiveness, aggression and suicidal ideation. " 10/01/1998 - "In conclusion, it is clear that the use of antidepressants is effective in controlling the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder."
10.	venlafaxine (Effexor)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2008 - "Overall, there does not appear to be a significant effect of gender on the efficacy of venlafaxine ER in the treatment of PTSD. " 01/01/2001 - "Venlafaxine produced statistically significant improvement at 6 weeks in the total PTSD symptom severity, in each symptom cluster and in Global Assessment of Functioning but did not yield significant improvement in symptoms of depression and had a high rate of side effects." 11/01/2013 - "The efficacy of venlafaxine ER in reducing a range of symptom clusters in PTSD is consistent with its multiple mechanisms of action." 09/01/2008 - "Venlafaxine ER improved resilience on individual Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale items that reflect four factors (hardiness, persistence/tenacity, social support, and faith in a benevolent or meaningful world), to varying degrees in patients with PTSD. " 10/01/2006 - "In this study, venlafaxine ER was effective and well tolerated in short-term and continuation treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/01/2000 - "Nevertheless, pharmacotherapy for PTSD appears to have reasonably robust effects, with odds ratios for responder status, defined as 'much improved' or 'very much improved' on the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), on drug versus placebo varying from 2.2 to 5.6 in randomized controlled trials of different agents. " 02/01/2014 - "Some pharmacotherapies are effective for the treatment of PTSD and SUD alone, however; no medications have been proven to be effective for the combination of these conditions. " 01/01/2009 - "Further research in fundamental neurosciences and pharmacogenomics may help to elucidate optimal pharmacotherapy options for PTSD in the future. " 03/01/1988 - "Pharmacotherapy alone is rarely sufficient to provide complete remission of PTSD. " 05/01/2009 - "Studies of pharmacotherapy treatment efficacy demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in reducing PTSD symptoms, t (22) = -2.74, p = 0.01, d = 0.05. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/2004 - "Moreover, psychometric assessment revealed a marked improvement of the PTSD symptoms after treatment." 01/01/2013 - "In addition, within the TAU + SWT group the remission of PTSD diagnoses after treatment was significant, which was not the case for TAU. " 11/01/2015 - "However, attainment of abstinence at 4 months after treatment, irrespective of the substances abused, was strongly associated with improvement in PTSD symptoms, violence, suicidality and medical problems." 03/01/2015 - "The primary outcome is improvement in PTSD symptoms, measured during and after treatment and then 3 and 6 months later. " 06/01/2013 - "Fifteen percent of completers did not meet PTSD criteria after treatment completion and 62.5% improved their somatic symptoms. "
3.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 06/01/2009 - "Overall, these results provide preliminary support for the efficacy of RSA biofeedback in improving physiological and psychological health for individuals with PTSD." 03/01/2015 - "The hastened clinical improvement in the biofeedback condition supports the idea that breathing biofeedback may be an effective complementary component to exposure in PTSD patients. " 03/01/2011 - "The study also aimed at assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of providing HRV biofeedback as a treatment for PTSD. " 12/01/2010 - "The addition of biofeedback did not produce a measurable improvement in PTSD or depression scores in this exploratory study." 12/01/2010 - "Efficacy of biofeedback for post-traumatic stress disorder."
4.	Meditation 11/01/2012 - "Empirical evidence of the efficacy of meditation for PTSD is very limited but holds some promise. " 08/01/2013 - "Overall, loving-kindness meditation appeared safe and acceptable and was associated with reduced symptoms of PTSD and depression. " 09/01/2014 - "Design and rationale of a comparative effectiveness trial evaluating transcendental meditation against established therapies for PTSD." 08/01/2013 - "Additional study of loving-kindness meditation for PTSD is warranted to determine whether the changes seen are due to the loving-kindness meditation intervention versus other influences, including concurrent receipt of other treatments." 06/01/2007 - "These results suggest that Vipassana meditation is worthy of further study for those with comorbid PTSD and substance use problems."
5.	Self Medication 03/01/2007 - "Consistent with the self-medication hypothesis, individuals with PTSD reported significantly greater use of substances in response to negative situations, such as unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort, as compared to individuals without PTSD. " 01/01/2010 - "Results support the self-medication model of coping with PTSD symptoms and an empirical basis for integrated interventions for improved substance use outcomes in patients with severe symptoms." 03/01/2014 - "In this study we test three competing models (Self-Medication, Trait Vulnerability, Combined Dual Pathway) of PTSD-ALC prospectively in a college sample. " 02/01/2014 - "To assess both the self-medication and mutual maintenance models, as well as examine the potential moderating role of drinking motives, the current study used Generalized Estimating Equations to evaluate daily associations for an average of 7.3 days between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use in a mixed-gender sample of individuals who met criteria for both PTSD and AD. " 08/01/2013 - "Findings lend preliminary support for the application of the self-medication hypothesis to the study of PTSD, alcohol misuse, and IPV among women. "