Estrogen, a major female
sex steroid hormone, has been shown to promote the selection of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of patients with chronic
respiratory diseases, including
cystic fibrosis. This results in long-term persistence, poorer clinical outcomes, and limited therapeutic options. In this study, we demonstrate that at physiological concentrations, sex
steroids, including
testosterone and
estriol, induce membrane stress responses in P. aeruginosa This is characterized by increased virulence and consequent
inflammation and release of proinflammatory outer membrane vesicles promoting in vivo persistence of the bacteria. The
steroid-induced P. aeruginosa response correlates with the molecular polarity of the
hormones and membrane fluidic properties of the bacteria. This novel mechanism of interaction between sex
steroids and P. aeruginosa explicates the reported increased disease severity observed in females with
cystic fibrosis and provides evidence for the therapeutic potential of the modulation of sex
steroids to achieve better clinical outcomes in patients with
hormone-responsive strains.IMPORTANCE Molecular mechanisms by which sex
steroids interact with P. aeruginosa to modulate its virulence have yet to be reported. Our work provides the first characterization of a
steroid-induced membrane stress mechanism promoting P. aeruginosa virulence, which includes the release of proinflammatory outer membrane vesicles, resulting in
inflammation, host tissue damage, and reduced bacterial clearance. We further demonstrate that at nanomolar (physiological) concentrations, male and female sex
steroids promote virulence in clinical strains of P. aeruginosa based on their dynamic membrane fluidic properties. This work provides, for the first-time, mechanistic insight to better understand and predict the P. aeruginosa related response to sex
steroids and explain the interindividual patient variability observed in
respiratory diseases such as
cystic fibrosis that are complicated by gender differences and chronic P. aeruginosa
infection.