Although the protective effects of
genipin against
acute lung injury (ALI) have been described previously, the associated mechanism remains unclear. We have previously reported that
genipin exerts its pharmacological effects by regulating autophagy. Here, we hypothesized that the up-regulation of autophagy may contribute to the protective effects exhibited by
genipin against ALI. In the present study, ALI was induced by intratracheal LPS administration in rats.
Genipin treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced
lung injury as evidenced by improved histopathology, decreased lung
edema, total cells, and
protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This protection was inhibited by
3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy.
Genipin treatment reduced the expression of P62 and increased the expression of
Beclin-1 and LC3II, indicating increased autophagy.
Genipin treatment also alleviated LPS-induced cell apoptosis (down-regulation of Bax, up-regulation of Bcl-2, and decreased number of
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end label-positive cells) and oxidative stress (increased SOD and decreased MDA content) in the lung. Furthermore,
genipin attenuated LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and
IL-6 in the lung and BALF. These protective effects induced by
genipin were reversed by 3-MA treatment, indicating that autophagy was involved in the protective effects exerted by
genipin against
inflammation and apoptosis in ALI. In A549 cells incubated with LPS for 6 h,
genipin treatment increased the number of GFP-LC3 punctae. 3-MA prevented the protective effects of
genipin against
mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. These findings suggest that
genipin protects against apoptosis and
inflammation in LPS-induced ALI by promoting autophagy.