A myriad of environmental and genetic factors, as well as the physiologic process of aging, contribute to
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.
Neuroinflammation is and has been a focus of interest, as a common gateway for initiation of many of the underlying pathologies of AD.
Amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity, increasing RAGE expression, tau hyperphosphorylation, induction of apoptosis, and deregulated autophagy are among other mechanisms, partly entangled and being explained by activation of
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK signaling.
p38 MAPK is the most essential regulator of Aβ induced toxicity from this family. p38 induces NF-κB activation,
glutamate excitotoxicity, and disruption of synaptic plasticity, which are other implications of all justifying the
p38 MAPK as a potential target to break the vicious Aβ toxicity cycle. Until recently, many in vivo and in vitro studies have investigated the effects of
p38 MAPK inhibitors in AD. The pyridinyl
imidazole compounds
SB202190 and
SB203580 have shown promising anti-apoptotic results in vivo. MW108 inhibits activation of p38 and is able to postpone
cognitive decline in animal models. The
PD169316, with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic features, has improved spatial memory in vivo. Natural compounds from Camellia sinensis (
green tea),
polyphenols from
olive oil,
pinocembrin from
propolis, and the puerarine extract
isoflavones, have shown strong anti-apoptotic features, mediated by
p38 MAPK inhibition. Use of these drug targets is limited due to central nervous system side effects or cross-reactivity with other
kinases, predicting the low efficacy of these drugs in clinical trials.