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Protective effects of monomethyl fumarate at the inflamed blood-brain barrier.

AbstractBACKGROUND:
Reactive oxygen species play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis as they induce blood-brain barrier disruption and enhance transendothelial leukocyte migration. Thus, therapeutic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential could have clinical value in multiple sclerosis. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the therapeutic effects of monomethyl fumarate on inflammatory-mediated changes in blood-brain barrier function and gain insight into the underlying mechanism.
METHODS:
The effects of monomethyl fumarate on monocyte transendothelial migration across and adhesion to inflamed human brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were quantified using standardized in vitro migration and adhesion assays. Flow cytometry analysis and qPCR were used to measure the concomitant effects of monomethyl fumarate treatment on protein expression of cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, the effects of monomethyl fumarate on the expression and nuclear localization of proteins involved in the activation of antioxidant and inflammatory pathways in human brain endothelial cells were elucidated using nuclear fractionation and Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test.
RESULTS:
Our results show that monomethyl fumarate induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and concomitant production of the antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase-1 and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 in brain endothelial cells. Importantly, monomethyl fumarate treatment markedly decreased monocyte transendothelial migration across and adhesion to inflamed human brain endothelial cells. Treatment of brain endothelial cells with monomethyl fumarate resulted in a striking reduction of vascular cell adhesion molecule expression. Surprisingly, monomethyl fumarate did not affect nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-кB suggesting that monomethyl fumarate potentially affects activity of nuclear factor-ĸB downstream of nuclear translocation.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, we show that monomethyl fumarate, the primary metabolite of dimethyl fumarate, which is currently used in the clinics for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, demonstrates beneficial therapeutic effects at the inflamed blood-brain barrier.
AuthorsJamie L Lim, Susanne M A van der Pol, Flaminia Di Dio, Bert van Het Hof, Gijs Kooij, Helga E de Vries, Jack van Horssen
JournalMicrovascular research (Microvasc Res) Vol. 105 Pg. 61-9 (May 2016) ISSN: 1095-9319 [Electronic] United States
PMID26679389 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
CopyrightCopyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chemical References
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Cell Adhesion Molecules
  • Fumarates
  • Maleates
  • NF-E2-Related Factor 2
  • NF-kappa B
  • NFE2L2 protein, human
  • citraconic acid
  • HMOX1 protein, human
  • Heme Oxygenase-1
  • NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)
  • NQO1 protein, human
Topics
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents (pharmacology)
  • Antioxidants (pharmacology)
  • Blood-Brain Barrier (drug effects, metabolism, pathology)
  • Cell Adhesion (drug effects)
  • Cell Adhesion Molecules (metabolism)
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Coculture Techniques
  • Cytoprotection
  • Endothelial Cells (drug effects, metabolism, pathology)
  • Fumarates (pharmacology)
  • Heme Oxygenase-1 (metabolism)
  • Humans
  • Leukocytes (drug effects, metabolism, pathology)
  • Maleates (pharmacology)
  • Multiple Sclerosis (drug therapy, metabolism, pathology)
  • NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) (metabolism)
  • NF-E2-Related Factor 2 (metabolism)
  • NF-kappa B (metabolism)
  • Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration (drug effects)

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