Abnormal expression and/or function of mammalian
hexose transporters contribute to the hallmark
hyperglycemia of diabetes. Due to different roles in
glucose handling, various organ systems possess specific transporters that may be affected during the diabetic state. Diabetes has been associated with higher rates of intestinal
glucose transport, paralleled by increased expression of both active and facilitative transporters and a shift in the location of transporters within the enterocyte, events that occur independent of intestinal
hyperplasia and
hyperglycemia. Peripheral tissues also exhibit deregulated
glucose transport in the diabetic state, most notably defective translocation of transporters to the plasma membrane and reduced capacity to clear
glucose from the bloodstream. Expression of renal active and facilitative
glucose transporters increases as a result of diabetes, leading to elevated rates of
glucose reabsorption. However, this may be a natural response designed to combat elevated
blood glucose concentrations and not necessarily a direct effect of
insulin deficiency. Functional foods and nutraceuticals, by modulation of
glucose transporter activity, represent a potential dietary tool to aid in the management of
hyperglycemia and diabetes.