Insulin (Novolin)

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

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Networked: 79131 relevant articles (4165 outcomes, 9051 trials/studies)

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Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Shulman, Gerald I: 83 articles (01/2016 - 02/2002)
2.	Kahn, C Ronald: 79 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Van den Berghe, Greet: 77 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Reaven, Gerald M: 72 articles (09/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Sowers, James R: 57 articles (12/2015 - 07/2002)
6.	Laakso, Markku: 56 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Ferrannini, Ele: 56 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Abbasi, Fahim: 56 articles (09/2015 - 03/2002)
9.	DeFronzo, Ralph A: 56 articles (08/2015 - 06/2002)
10.	Häring, Hans-Ulrich: 55 articles (12/2015 - 04/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Insulin Resistance 01/01/2012 - "Moreover, the insulin requirement dramatically decreased from 168 to 80 units per day as GH improved, suggesting a potential role of GH in insulin resistance. " 02/18/2002 - "A determination of the genetic defects that predispose to either insulin resistance or decreased insulin secretion is important, as an improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms may be essential for the development of the most effective treatment. " 11/01/2012 - "At the end of 60 days, HFFD-fed mice displayed insulin resistance while ASX-treated HFFD animals showed marked improvement in insulin sensitivity parameters. " 01/01/2002 - "The 112/121 haplotype combination was also associated with a marked decrease in the insulin secretory response, adjusted for the level of insulin resistance (P = 0.002). " 11/01/1980 - "After prolonged exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to Anti-R, the insulinomimetic activity is lost, and the cells show a marked decrease in their maximal response to insulin (antibody-induced desensitization), thus providing a model for the insulin resistance seen in vivo. "
2.	Body Weight (Weight, Body) 01/01/2007 - "CFRD is related to decreased life expectancy, most notably in female patients, as well as to decreased pulmonary function and body weight reduction, which can be improved with adequate insulin therapy. " 01/01/2010 - "Treatment with TFLC showed a significant increase in insulin sensitivity, serum HDL-C level and SOD activities, meanwhile marked decrease in body weight, serum FFA, TC, TG, LDL-C, CRP, MDA content. " 10/01/2015 - "IDegLira was associated with a significantly greater decrease in body weight (estimated treatment difference, -2.80 kg, p < 0.0001) and a 37% lower rate of hypoglycaemia compared with insulin degludec. " 07/01/2015 - "Chronic administration of SR1555 to obese diabetic mice resulted in a modest reduction in food intake accompanied with significant reduction in fat mass, resulting in reduced body weight and improved insulin sensitivity. " 11/01/2014 - "Indirect calorimetry was used at fasting and for 5 h following consumption of the HSFLM to determine respiratory exchange ratio (RER), macronutrient oxidation, and energy expenditure (EE) at week 0 and week 8. Participants had a reduction in body weight (-8.1 ± 1.8 kg, p < 0.05) and fasting insulin (-19.5 ± 8.9 μg/mL, p < 0.05) after dietary intervention; however, these were not significantly correlated with improved fat oxidation. "
3.	Weight Loss (Weight Reduction) 05/01/2004 - "In agreement with these actions, it has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes, causing marked improvements in glycaemic profile, insulin sensitivity and beta-cell performance, as well as weight reduction. " 05/01/2000 - "The blood pressure-lowering effect of weight loss is most likely a result of an improvement in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity and occurs independent of salt restriction. " 10/01/1981 - "Following a prolonged fast, obese diabetics show substantial improvement in most parameters of insulin function--an effect which is to some degree independent of weight loss; long-term remission of diabetes may be possible if the benefits of therapeutic fasting are conserved by appropriate eumetabolic measures." 03/01/2002 - "Improved aerobic fitness appeared to be the major difference between the two intervention groups, although weight loss and diet composition may have also played an important role in determining insulin sensitivity." 02/01/1996 - "In obese non-diabetic subjects the improvement in insulin sensitivity induced by weight loss was not accompanied by marked changes in skeletal muscle fiber composition or capillary density. "
4.	Hyperglycemia 01/01/2011 - "Perceived efficacy of the inhaled insulin described in this study for avoiding postprandial hyperglycemia and discomfort/inconvenience were the benefits most strongly related to the evaluation of and interest in this medication." 03/01/2011 - "On the db/db background, SGLT2 deletion prevented fasting hyperglycemia, and plasma insulin levels were also dramatically improved. " 03/01/2004 - "These results also show that insulin infusion is beneficial in extremely preterm infants with transient hyperglycemia." 12/01/1988 - "Diabetic BB/OK rats, characterized by a moderate hyperglycemia and a marked decrease of pancreatic insulin content, displayed a remarkable accumulation of mononucleated cells in the endocrine pancreas. " 08/01/1978 - "Those individuals who showed the most striking improvement in tissue sensitivity to insulin actually decreased their serum insulin response to hyperglycemia; those whose improvement in tissue sensitivity was more modest showed increases in beta cell responses."
5.	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MODY) 01/01/2014 - "Insulin injection therapy is one of the most effective treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). " 08/01/2012 - "Insulin is the most effective treatment for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. " 06/01/1990 - "Most non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients are also unlikely to have meaningful improvement in glycemic regulation on insulin-sulfonylurea therapy. " 03/01/1998 - "To date, insulin is the only hypoglycaemic agent which has been proven both effective and safe in NIDDM patients with cardiovascular complications. " 09/01/2013 - "RC treatment significantly improved insulin sensitivity index (K(ITT)) which was significantly decreased in NIDDM control rats. "

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Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients)
3.	Oral Administration
4.	Caloric Restriction
5.	Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass)