Infectious mononucleosis is usually a benign self-limiting disease, which is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the Herpes virus family. EBV virions have a double-stranded, linear
DNA genome surrounded by a
protein capsid. EBV is transmitted primarily through saliva, but transmission via blood and droplets also occurs.
Infectious mononucleosis is the most frequent clinical manifestation of
EBV infection and occurs during primary
infection with the virus. With some exceptions, only children older than 10 years, adolescents and young adults are suffering from the disease. Primary
EBV infection in children up to 10 years is usually asymptomatic or shows unspecific courses. After an incubation period of up to seven weeks, a
sore throat, mild
fever and swollen lymph nodes in the neck area are the first signs of symptomatic
infection. Further course of the disease often leads to
hepatitis and swelling of the spleen. The symptoms usually subside after a few weeks, but protracted courses and clinical active
infection also occur. The Epstein-Barr virus is distributed worldwide. At least 90% of all adults are seropositive to EBV. The treatment of
infectious mononucleosis is mainly symptomatic, a generally effective specific
therapy does not exist. A
vaccine is currently not available.