Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)

A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1607 relevant articles (33 outcomes, 131 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
2.	Infections
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Disease Progression
5.	Pharyngitis (Sore Throat)

Experts

1.	Balfour, Henry H: 11 articles (01/2020 - 05/2007)
2.	van der Mei, Ingrid: 7 articles (12/2021 - 01/2005)
3.	Lucas, Robyn M: 7 articles (01/2020 - 09/2010)
4.	Ponsonby, Anne-Louise: 7 articles (10/2019 - 01/2005)
5.	Cohen, Jeffrey I: 7 articles (11/2018 - 04/2003)
6.	Luzuriaga, Katherine: 7 articles (01/2018 - 03/2003)
7.	Kimura, Hiroshi: 6 articles (11/2019 - 09/2004)
8.	Alfredsson, Lars: 5 articles (01/2021 - 09/2014)
9.	Olsson, Tomas: 5 articles (01/2021 - 09/2014)
10.	Middeldorp, Jaap M: 5 articles (11/2018 - 10/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Infectious Mononucleosis:

1.	AntigensIBA 03/01/1979 - "Induction of plaque-forming cells in human blood lymphocytes cultured in the presence of antigen and Epstein-Barr virus: a study with normal donors and infectious mononucleosis patients." 10/15/1977 - "These studies indicated that cell-mediate immunity to EBV-associated antigens could be detected by either leukocyte migration inhibition or lymphocyte blast transformation, but neither assay is diagnostic of infectious mononucleosis." 04/01/2005 - "Serological diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis by chemiluminescent immunoassay using capsid antigen p18 of Epstein-Barr virus." 07/01/2003 - "Down-regulation of pan-T-cell antigens, particularly CD7, in acute infectious mononucleosis." 01/01/1998 - "[CD30 (ki-1) antigen expression in acute infectious mononucleosis]"
2.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 10/01/2010 - "VCA-p40+18 blot-strips examined for IgM reactivity in infectious mononucleosis samples yielded 100% sensitivity and specificity, with improved reactivity compared with IgM/VCA-p18-ELISAs. " 02/01/1980 - "Our studies indicate that the IgM smooth muscle antibody found in infectious mononucleosis by IF techniques is at least in part due to an antitubulin antibody." 01/01/2022 - "Positive correlation between VCA-IgM and Th1/Th2 immunocytokines in children with infectious mononucleosis." 09/01/2017 - "In this patient, CMV IgM titers and elevated CMV PCR viral load confirmed the diagnosis of CMV infectious mononucleosis with lung and liver involvement. " 11/01/2016 - "The diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infectious mononucleosis (IM) was made based on a positive Monospot test, elevated EBV VCA IgM titer, and highly elevated EBV viral load. "
3.	VaccinesIBA 12/15/2007 - "Recombinant gp350 vaccine for infectious mononucleosis: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine in healthy young adults." 01/01/2018 - "Clinical trials to determine if an EBV vaccine can reduce the rate of infectious mononucleosis or posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease should be performed. " 06/01/2014 - "National Institutes of Health emphasizing the global importance of EBV vaccine and advocating a phase 3 trial to prevent infectious mononucleosis should encourage research that could eventually lead to its licensure. " 10/01/2007 - "Recent studies suggest that an EBV vaccine might help to prevent infectious mononucleosis, and further development of this should now be considered." 08/26/2022 - "If this trend continues, the number of EBV-naïve adolescents and young adults who are in the age group most susceptible to infectious mononucleosis will increase, strengthening the rationale to develop an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine."
4.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 06/01/2000 - "Treatment of uncomplicated infectious mononucleosis is supportive, but corticosteroids may be beneficial for the treatment of several complications associated with Epstein-Barr virus. " 01/01/2023 - "Corticosteroids for infectious mononucleosis." 01/01/2019 - "The severity of mononucleosis scale has interobserver, concurrent and predictive validity for hospitalization, corticosteroid use, and meeting criteria for CFS 6 months following infectious mononucleosis." 01/01/2009 - "We present a case of a fit and well man who had significant multi-organ involvement secondary to infectious mononucleosis, and our experience of oral corticosteroid treatment." 10/01/2005 - "Infectious mononucleosis and corticosteroids: management practices and outcomes."
5.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 08/12/2020 - "To confirm infectious mononucleosis following the administration of 2 doses of IVIG, serum EBV PCR was performed and was positive (1.6X 103 cp/ml). " 01/01/1989 - "Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in thrombocytopenic infectious mononucleosis." 10/01/1991 - "Five consecutive patients with infectious mononucleosis-related severe thrombocytopenia were treated with intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIG) at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day for 2-5 days. " 06/05/2003 - "This may suggest that IVIG therapy may be effective for early recovery from agranulocytosis which is a very rare complication of infectious mononucleosis. " 06/05/2003 - "Agranulocytosis: A Rare Complication of Infectious Mononucleosis and Recovery After IVIG Therapy."
6.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 01/01/2011 - "Laboratory studies revealed markedly elevated immunoglobulin G titers to Epstein-Barr virus and she recalled a history of infectious mononucleosis at 20 years of age. " 06/01/1993 - "Application of low-avidity immunoglobulin G studies to diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis." 02/01/2018 - "Supporting these results, similar results were seen for the other EBV-correlated variables: anti-EBNA-2 IgG titers and past history of infectious mononucleosis. " 01/01/2018 - "Thus, the two main EBV/MS links (infectious mononucleosis and high anti-EBNA1-IgG titers) are paralleled by activation of HERV-W/MSRV. " 12/01/2012 - "We studied the role of EA immunoglobulin G (IgG) in individuals with atypical antibody responses in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and in EBV-infected transplant patients. "
7.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)IBA 07/01/1992 - "Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein expression by Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg-like cells in acute infectious mononucleosis." 08/01/1986 - "Both predicted membrane proteins could be precipitated from cell lines that had been transformed in vitro with EBV or from cell lines derived from infectious mononucleosis patients. " 10/01/2007 - "CD4(+) T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 in infectious mononucleosis and EBV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Th1 in active disease but Tr1 in remission." 10/01/2000 - "To study the distribution of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) variants containing mutations in the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) oncogene and promoter in EBV associated Hodgkin's disease and infectious mononucleosis compared with previous findings in asymptomatic EBV carriers. " 08/15/1997 - "Immunohistochemical detection of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 2A in Hodgkin's disease and infectious mononucleosis."
8.	Metronidazole (Metric)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1990 - "Although the reasons by which metronidazole produces a rapid clinical improvement are not known, administration of this drug in patients with severe tonsillar involvement appears to be useful in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis." 07/01/2014 - "This study demonstrates that metronidazole has a role to play in severe infectious mononucleosis." 07/01/2014 - "Metronidazole may be of use in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis (IM). " 08/01/1990 - "[Metronidazole and angina caused by infectious mononucleosis]." 01/01/1982 - "Treatment of infectious mononucleosis with metronidazole in the pediatric age group."
9.	Phenytoin (Dilantin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1980 - "Increased clearance of phenytoin as the presenting feature of infectious mononucleosis." 03/01/1979 - "Increased clearance of phenytoin during infectious mononucleosis." 01/01/1980 - "Ten days later, the blood picture became compatible with infectious mononucleosis, at which time his phenytoin clearance returned to normal." 01/01/1980 - "His blood level of phenytoin, previously in a therapeutic range, was 4.2 microgram/ml. No systemic or laboratory evidence of infectious mononucleosis was found. " 02/01/1991 - "This report represents a 6-month-old male infant who developed an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome and hepatic failure 16 days after diphenylhydantoin administration. "
10.	TinidazoleFDA Link 01/01/1986 - "The efficacy of tinidazole was studied in 24 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), 13 of whom were randomized for 5 days of tinidazole treatment and 11 for control without placebo. " 01/01/1986 - "Evidence of tinidazole interference in the oropharyngeal inflammatory process during infectious mononucleosis." 01/01/1984 - "Tinidazole and metronidazole have been reported beneficial in the treatment of acute anginose infectious mononucleosis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2022 - "Diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of infectious mononucleosis are addressed." 10/01/2013 - "The treatment of infectious mononucleosis is mainly symptomatic, a generally effective specific therapy does not exist. " 06/01/2010 - "Features of the process of a infectious mononucleosis are revealed for various kinds of immunocorrection therapy. " 10/01/2002 - "Recovery from infectious mononucleosis: a case for more than symptomatic therapy? " 04/29/2001 - "In order to document the effect of control measures, which were taken for the improvement diagnosis and therapy, data of the 105 infectious mononucleosis patients at one of the mentioned departments were also recorded in 1997 and 1998. "
2.	Conservative Treatment 04/01/1992 - "Conservative management of splenic injury in infectious mononucleosis." 05/01/1998 - "Here, we present a case of an infant, two months of age, who suffered from spleen rupture due to infectious mononucleosis, and was latter cured by himself under conservative treatment." 05/01/2005 - "An unusual case is reported in which regression of an acquired Chiari I malformation caused by isolated cerebellar tonsil inflammation in a patient with infectious mononucleosis was observed after conservative treatment. " 05/31/2003 - "[Conservative treatment of a spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with infectious mononucleosis]." 01/01/2003 - "[Favorable evolution with conservative therapy in spontaneous spleen rupture during infectious mononucleosis]."
3.	Tonsillectomy 10/21/2002 - "In patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), acute tonsillectomy is advocated only in the minority who develop severe airway compromise. " 10/21/2002 - "Florid infectious mononucleosis: clinicopathological correlation in acute tonsillectomy." 01/01/2000 - "[Infectious mononucleosis: when is tonsillectomy indicated?]." 07/01/1993 - "Acute tonsillectomy in the management of infectious mononucleosis." 11/01/1992 - "Acute tonsillectomy in the management of infectious mononucleosis."
4.	Splenectomy 03/01/1989 - "No evidence of EBV was found in two splenectomy specimens from patients with infectious mononucleosis. " 01/01/1969 - "Febrile infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome following splenectomy: an example of post-transfusion mononucleosis." 04/01/1958 - "Infectious mononucleosis requiring splenectomy and tracheotomy." 03/01/2010 - "Patients with splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis generally undergo emergency splenectomy." 09/01/2003 - "On the basis of review of the medical literature and of our own experience, we advocate emergent splenectomy for spontaneous splenic rupture in patients with infectious mononucleosis."
5.	Transplantation 11/01/2019 - "The disease should be considered in such patients who present persistent or recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms after transplantation." 01/01/1998 - "They have been closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the spectrum of manifestations after transplantation range from an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome to more serious polyclonal or monoclonal lymphoproliferation, the treatment of which is not well defined and, relying on immuno- and chemotherapy. " 01/01/1999 - "Rapid autologous marrow recovery and eradication of infectious mononucleosis despite severe immunosuppression following second transplantation for aplastic anemia." 10/01/2012 - "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus leading to latent infections, is principally responsible for infectious mononucleosis, and also plays role in the etiology of various lymphomas and post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). " 08/01/1994 - "Transplant recipients who were seronegative at the time of transplantation and who underwent a primary EBV infection but did not develop PTLD exhibited a reduced capacity to control viremia because the levels of EBV-infected PBL were up to 400 times greater than the 1.0 to 50 EBV genomes/10(6) PBL observed in individuals undergoing acute infectious mononucleosis (Rocci et al: N Engl J Med 296:132, 1977). "