Abstract | BACKGROUND: Recent studies implicate a pathophysiological role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha) in atherosclerosis, thus suggesting that serum TNF-alpha levels may be one of the biomarkers for future cardiovascular events. However, which anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory variables could regulate circulating TNF-alpha levels in humans is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the independent determinants of serum TNF-alpha levels in a Japanese general population. HYPOTHESIS: Anthropometric, metabolic , and inflammatory variables could regulate TNF-alpha. METHODS: A total of 213 Japanese subjects underwent a complete history, physical examination, and determination of blood chemistries, including TNF-alpha levels. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied for the determinants of TNF-alpha levels. RESULTS: The average TNF-alpha levels were 13.4 +/- 0.81 pg/ml in males and 13.9 +/- 4.5 pg/ml in females, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that TNF-alpha levels were associated with age (P = 0.007), body mass index (P = 0.034), waist circumference (<0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; inversely, P < 0.001), triglycerides (P < 0.001), creatinine (P < 0.001), uric acids (P < 0.001), insulin (P = 0.008), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; P = 0.015), high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP; P < 0.001), and fibrinogen (P = 0.009). By the use of multiple stepwise regression analyses, HDL-C (inversely, P < 0.001) and hs-CRP (P < 0.001) remained significant and were independently related to TNF-alpha levels (R2 = 0.153). CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first demonstration that besides hs-CRP, a decreased HDL-C level is an independent determinant of circulating TNF-alpha in the Japanese general population. Elevation of TNF-alpha may partly explain the increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with low HDL-C levels.
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Authors | Sho-ichi Yamagishi, Hisashi Adachi, Takanori Matsui, Kazuo Nakamura, Mika Enomoto, Ako Fukami, Maki Otsuka, Shun-ichi Kumagae, Yasuki Nanjo, Tsutomu Imaizumi |
Journal | Clinical cardiology
(Clin Cardiol)
Vol. 32
Issue 9
Pg. E29-32
(Sep 2009)
ISSN: 1932-8737 [Electronic] United States |
PMID | 19645041
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Copyright | Copyright 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
Chemical References |
- Biomarkers
- Cholesterol, HDL
- Inflammation Mediators
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- C-Reactive Protein
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Topics |
- Aged
- Biomarkers
(blood)
- C-Reactive Protein
(metabolism)
- Cardiovascular Diseases
(blood, etiology, immunology)
- Cholesterol, HDL
(blood)
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators
(blood)
- Japan
- Linear Models
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Population Surveillance
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
(blood)
- Up-Regulation
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