Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), also known as NKX2-1, is a homeodomain containing transcriptional factor identified in thyroid, lung and central nervous system. In the thyroid, TTF-1 is essential for thyroid organogenesis and governs thyroid functions by regulating various thyroid-specific genes. We previously demonstrated that most differentiated
thyroid neoplasms, including
follicular adenomas/
carcinomas and
papillary carcinomas, express TTF-1 at both
protein and
mRNA levels. However, certain subtypes of
thyroid cancers have shown low or negative expression of TTF-1. The aim of our study was to investigate the function of epigenetic modification in dysregulation of TTF-1 in
thyroid carcinoma cells. We evaluated the expression of TTF-1 in primary thyroid tissues (normal thyroid,
papillary carcinoma and
undifferentiated carcinoma) and in
thyroid carcinoma cell lines using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Methylation-specific PCR targeting CpG islands of TTF-1 and
chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for
histone H3 lysine 9 (H3-lys9) were applied to clarify the correlation of the TTF-1 expression profile and epigenetic status. We also explored whether epigenetic modifiers, including 5-aza-deoxycytidine, could restore TTF-1 expression in
thyroid carcinoma cells. In our current study, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR showed positive expression of TTF-1 in normal thyroids and
papillary carcinomas. Meanwhile, most of the
undifferentiated carcinomas and the cell lines lost TTF-1 expression. No methylation in the CpG of TTF-1 promoter was detected in normal thyroids or
papillary carcinomas. In contrast, DNA methylation was identified in 60% of the
undifferentiated carcinomas (6/10) and 50% of the cell lines (4/8). ChIP assay demonstrated that acetylation of H3-lys9 was positively correlated with TTF-1 expression in
thyroid carcinoma cells. Finally,
DNA demethylating agents could restore TTF-1 gene expression in the
thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Our data suggest that epigenetics is involved with inactivation of TTF-1 in
thyroid carcinomas, and provide a possible means of using TTF-1 as a target for differentiation-inducing
therapy through epigenetic modification.