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Ethambutol (Myambutol)

An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)

Also Known As:

Myambutol; AHP Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Dexambutol; EMB-Fatol; EMB-Hefa; Elan Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Etambutol Llorente; Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Etibi; Fatol Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Genopharm Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; ICN Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Lederle Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Llorente Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Miambutol; Riemser Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; SERB Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Sanavita Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Wernigerode Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Wyeth Brand of Ethambutol Hydrochloride; EMB Fatol; EMB Hefa; Hydrochloride, Ethambutol; Llorente, Etambutol; 1-Butanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-, (S-(R*,R*))-

Networked: 1449 relevant articles (64 outcomes, 99 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Organic Chemicals: 58
- Amines: 1422
  - Polyamines: 1386
    - Diamines: 43
      - Ethylenediamines: 6
        Ethambutol: 1449
        Myrin P: 1
        isoetam
        platinum-ethambutol
        technetium Tc 99m ethambutol

Experts

1.	Sadun, Alfredo A: 8 articles (02/2010 - 03/2002)
2.	McIlleron, Helen: 6 articles (01/2015 - 04/2006)
3.	Nuermberger, Eric L: 4 articles (07/2015 - 08/2012)
4.	Tuberculosis Trials Consortium: 4 articles (02/2015 - 02/2006)
5.	Johnson, John L: 4 articles (02/2015 - 08/2006)
6.	Vernon, Andrew: 4 articles (02/2015 - 02/2006)
7.	Koh, Won-Jung: 4 articles (01/2015 - 04/2005)
8.	Swaminathan, Soumya: 4 articles (11/2014 - 01/2008)
9.	Bishai, William R: 4 articles (09/2013 - 12/2005)
10.	Mitarai, S: 4 articles (09/2011 - 01/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Infection 12/01/1996 - "Results of the present study suggest that with an initially high level of MAC infection, the addition of ethambutol may only delay resistance. " 04/01/2015 - "Ethambutol-related impaired visual function in childrens less than 5 years of age treated for a mycobacterial infection: diagnosis and evolution." 01/01/2013 - "The authors describe a case of a woman with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, to whom treatment with ethambutol was crucial to recovery, and present a modified desensitization protocol to this drug. " 04/01/2007 - "Ethambutol is commonly used for the treatment of tuberculous and atypical mycobacterial infection. " 03/01/2000 - "terrae infection is unknown but might include a macrolide antibiotic plus ethambutol and one other effective drug for at least 12 months after clinical response. "
2.	Tuberculosis (Tuberculoses) 12/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro studies of a dry powder formulation of ethambutol dihydrochloride (EDH) to determine if it was an acceptable candidate for further in vivo studies to target alveolar macrophages for the treatment of lung tuberculosis. " 04/01/2012 - "SQ109, a 1,2-diamine related to ethambutol, is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of tuberculosis, but its mode of action remains unclear. " 09/01/2011 - "In summary, a population model describing the pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in South African tuberculosis patients was developed, but additional studies are needed to characterize the effects of renal function." 10/01/2010 - "The present study was conducted to find out the ethambutol resistance pattern of indigenous isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Tuberculosis diagnosed human patients. " 05/01/2009 - "The aim of present study was to determine (1) whether ethambutol usage can alter serum Cu concentration in patients with tuberculosis and (2) whether there is any relationship between age, sex, and smoking habit of patients with changes in serum Cu levels. "
3.	Pulmonary Tuberculosis 01/31/1969 - "[Management of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis using ethambutol (6 months of treatment)]." 12/24/1983 - "In a controlled study of culture-positive advanced pulmonary tuberculosis we have compared treatment regimens with PZA in a dosage of less than 2 g and with ethambutol (EMB). " 01/01/1974 - "[Effect of ethambutol on the acid-forming function of the stomach in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (radiotelemetric study)]." 01/01/1966 - "[Contribution to the study of respiratory function in subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis treated with ethambutol]." 09/01/2011 - "The population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in South African patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were characterized using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. "
4.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 10/01/2001 - "The presence of AIDS, as defined in this study, or gender was without significant effect on the concentrations of ethambutol in plasma at 2 or 4 h or in ELF at 4 h following the last dose. " 10/01/2001 - "Our objective was to study the steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary orally administered ethambutol concentrations in healthy volunteers and subjects with AIDS. " 10/01/2001 - "Two- and 4-h concentrations of ethambutol in plasma were not affected by AIDS status or gender. " 10/01/2001 - "Effects of AIDS and gender on steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary ethambutol concentrations." 10/01/2001 - "Ethambutol (15 mg/kg of body weight) was administered orally once daily to 10 men with AIDS, 10 healthy men, 10 women with AIDS, and 10 healthy women. "
5.	Bacteremia 08/01/1994 - "(ii) KRM 1648 (40 mg/kg/day) administered in combination with ethambutol (100 mg/kg/day) resulted in significant reduction in bacteremia compared with values for untreated controls (P 0.001), KRM 1648 alone (P = 0.019), and ethambutol alone (P = 0.003). " 11/01/1997 - "Ethambutol reduced relapses and emergence of clarithromycin resistance and should be considered an essential component of clarithromycin-based therapies for MAC bacteremia." 11/01/1997 - "A randomized evaluation of ethambutol for prevention of relapse and drug resistance during treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia with clarithromycin-based combination therapy. " 11/01/1998 - "At the doses used in this study, clarithromycin/ethambutol produced a more rapid resolution of bacteremia than did azithromycin/ethambutol, and clarithromycin/ethambutol was more effective at sterilization of blood cultures after 16 weeks of therapy." 12/01/1998 - "Does in vitro susceptibility to rifabutin and ethambutol predict the response to treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia with rifabutin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin? "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)
2.	Isoniazid (Ftivazide)
3.	Pyrazinamide
4.	Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
5.	Streptomycin (Streptomycin Sulfate)
6.	Rifabutin (Ansamycin)
7.	Clofazimine (Lamprene)
8.	Ofloxacin (Levofloxacin)
9.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)
10.	sparfloxacin (AT 4140)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
2.	Retreatment
3.	Combination Drug Therapy (Combination Chemotherapy)
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
5.	Debridement