Background: Chronic stress promotes
cancer growth.
Antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) is usually prescribed for
cancer patients with comorbid depression. FLX displays inhibition on
cancer cell proliferation, however, the in vivo activity has not been investigated. Methods: We explored the antitumor effect of FLX in subcutaneous transplanted
lung cancer cells in a
tumor-bearing mouse model. Fifty-six C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into group A (blank control), group B (
tumor-bearing control), group C (
tumor-bearing + FLX), group D (CUMS control), group E (CUMS + FLX), group F (
tumor-bearing + CUMS), and group G (
tumor-bearing + CUMS + FLX).
5-HT, tryptophane (Trp),
kynurenine, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β,
IL-2,
IL-4,
IL-6,
IL-10,
IL-17A levels were measured by ELISA. T helper (Th), cytotoxic T (Tc) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) subtype were measured by flow cytometry. The antitumor effects of FLX were evaluated by
tumor weight. The expression of
kynurenine pathway related genes TDO, IDO1, IDO2, and apoptosis-related genes caspase1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12 in
tumor tissues were measured by western blotting and qRT-PCR. A549 cells were exposed with FLX (15 μmol/L) and its effect on cell proliferation, migration, and clonal formation were detected.
Kynurenine pathway and apoptosis related gene expression were also measured. Results: In vivo, chronic stress promoted
tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. FLX administration not only significantly reversed chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced reduction of
5-HT and Trp, increment of
kynurenine, but increased CD4+ Th and CD8+ Tc cells, and reduced CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs. FLX promoted Th to differentiate into Th1 cells and increased
IL-2 and IFN-γ, meanwhile inhibited Th differentiate into Th2 and Th17 cells and decreased the concentrations of
IL-4,
IL-6,
IL-10, and
IL-17A. Chronic stress obviously up-regulated IDO1 and IDO2 expression, down-regulated
caspase 4, 7, and 12 expression, meanwhile FLX administration reversed this regulation. However, there was no significant change in TDO,
caspase 1, 3, 5. Similarly, in vitro, FLX administration significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and clonal formation of A549 cells and induced cell apoptosis. FLX administration down-regulated the expression of IDO1, IDO2, and up-regulated
caspase 4, 5, and 7. Conclusion:
Fluoxetine administration could inhibit
tumor growth. The inhibition might be via suppressing
kynurenine pathway and enhancing cellular immunity.