Prognostic, diagnostic or predictive
biomarkers are urgently needed for assessment of
chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD), a major risk for patients undergoing allogeneic
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The main goal of this review generated within the COST Action EUROGRAFT "Integrated European Network on
Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease" was to identify potential novel
biomarkers for cGvHD besides the widely accepted molecular and cellular
biomarkers. Thus, the focus was on cellular
biomarkers,
alloantibodies, glycomics, endothelial derived particles, extracellular vesicles, microbiome, epigenetic and neurologic changes in cGvHD patients. Both host-reactive
antibodies in general, and particularly
alloantibodies have been associated with cGvHD and require further consideration.
Glycans attached to
IgG modulate its activity and represent a promising predictive and/or stratification
biomarker for cGVHD. Furthermore, epigenetic changes such as
microRNAs and DNA methylation represent potential
biomarkers for monitoring cGvHD patients and novel targets for developing new treatment approaches. Finally, the microbiome likely affects the pathophysiology of cGvHD; bacterial strains as well as microbial metabolites could display potential
biomarkers for
dysbiosis and risk for the development of cGvHD. In summary, although there are no validated
biomarkers currently available for clinical use to better inform on the diagnosis, prognosis or prediction of outcome for cGvHD, many novel sources of potential markers have shown promise and warrant further investigation using well characterized, multi-center patient cohorts.