Spherical and porous nanoparticles are ideal nanostructures for drug delivery. But currently they are mainly composed of non-degradable inorganic materials, which hinder clinical applications. Here, biological porous
nanospheres using
RNA as the building blocks and
cyclodextrin as the adhesive were synthesized. The
RNA contained the aptamer of
EpCAM for targeting delivery and
siRNA for gene silencing of
EpCAM, while
cyclodextrin could load insoluble
sorafenib, the core drug of targeted
therapy for
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), through its hydrophobic cavity. After being internalized into targeted HCC cells under the assistance of the aptamer, the porous
nanospheres could be degraded by the cytoplasmic Dicer
enzymes, releasing
siRNA and
sorafenib for synergistic
therapy. The synergistic efficacy of the porous
RNA nanospheres has been validated at in vitro function assay, subcutaneous
tumor bearing mice, and orthotopic
tumor bearing mice in vivo models. In view of the broad prospects of synergy of gene therapy with
chemotherapy, and the fact that
RNA and
cyclodextrin of the porous
nanospheres can be extended to load various types of
siRNA and small molecule drugs, respectively, this form of biological porous
nanospheres offers opportunities for targeted delivery of suitable drugs for treatment of specific
tumors.