Accumulating studies implicate that the
metformin (MET)- and
oligofructose (OFS)-altered gut microbiota may play roles in the improvement of
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and
obesity. However, whether the combined administration of OFS and MET could effectively affect the gut microbiota and improve metabolic profiles remains unknown. Here, we randomized diet-induced
obesity (DIO) rats to OFS, MET, or MET+OFS for 8 weeks and demonstrated that the combined administration of OFS+MET possessed potentiated effects on the glycemia,
body weight, and gut microbiome. In addition, fecal samples from the MET and MET+OFS group were exchanged and transferred to germ-free rats induced by
antibiotics. Not surprisingly, the
glucose tolerance and serum levels of
endotoxin,
free fatty acids (FFA),
tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),
interleukin-2 (IL-2), and
interleukin-6 (IL-6) were all sustainably improved among OFS+MET fecal microbiota-treated DIO rats while the MET fecal microbiota-treated ones presented a relatively reverse trend. Furthermore, transfer of fecal samples from the rats after 8 weeks of treatment to
antibiotics-treated germ-free mice significantly improved metabolic profiles, including
glucose tolerance and
weight reduction in mice that received MET+OFS-altered microbiota. In conclusion, the present study illustrated that the effects of OFS and MET combined treatment on gut microbiota, especially for the MET-induced side effect-related ones, and host metabolism were of greater magnitude than individual OFS or MET treatment in obese rats and mice. Therefore, it is likely that combined administration of OFS and MET may offer a novel and promising strategy for reducing side effects induced by MET and improving metabolic outcomes, particularly glycemia control and
weight reduction.